LESSON XLVIII

THE CLAUSE

1. That Napoleon was ambitious cannot be denied. 2. The man that assassinated Abraham Lincoln was shot.

3. A stone was placed where General Warren fell.

What group of words is used as the subject of the first sentence? It has the use of what part of speech?

What group of words in the second sentence modifies the substantive man? It has the use of what part of speech?

What group of words in the third sentence modifies the verb was placed? It has the use of what part of

speech?

Read the group of words in the first sentence that has the use of a noun or substantive, and tell whether it contains a subject and a predicate.

Read the group of words in the second sentence that has the use of an adjective, that in the third sentence that has the use of an adverb, and tell whether they each contain a subject and a predicate.

You will observe two things regarding these groups of words. Each contains a subject and a predicate, and has the use, in the sentence, of a noun, or of an adjective or adverbial modifier.

A group of words used as a part of speech, and containing a subject and predicate, is called a Clause.

Select the clauses in the following sentences, and tell the use of each in the sentence:

Milton, who wrote "Paradise Lost," was blind.

Washington and his army crossed the Delaware River when it was full of floating ice.

Columbus never knew that he had discovered a new continent.

Most of the rivers which drain the central part of the United States flow into the Mississippi.

De Soto discovered the Mississippi when he was searching for gold.

The student won the honors because he was diligent in his studies.

Much of the cotton that is exported from America goes to England.

A clause that has the use of a noun is called a Noun Clause. A clause that has the use of an adjective is called an Adjective Clause.

A clause that has the use of an adverb is called an Adverbial Clause.

Select clauses in your reading lesson, and state to which class each belongs.

LESSON XLIX

MODIFIERS

1. The iron crown was placed on the head of Napoleon. 2. The crown of iron was placed on the head of Napoleon.

3. The crown, which was made of iron, was placed on the head of Napoleon.

Read the first sentence and tell what word describes

crown.

What words in the second sentence describe crown? What is this group of words called?

What group of words in the third sentence describes crown? What is this group of words called?

In these sentences the single word iron, the phrase of iron, and the clause which was made of iron, all describe or modify crown. Words, phrases, and clauses that modify other words are known by the general name of modifiers.

Modifiers are of two kinds, those that modify nouns, and those that modify verbs. Modifiers that belong to nouns are called adjective modifiers, and those that belong to verbs are called adverbial modifiers.

Enlarge each of the italicized words in the following to phrase and clause modifiers, and change each of the italicized phrases and clauses to a single word :—

1. The honest boy will be esteemed.

2. Edison is a noted electrician.

3. The bees gather the sweetest honey there.

4. From Arlington on the Potomac, is presented a scene which is wonderfully beautiful.

5. Napoleon's army always fought with great bravery. 6. Solomon was a man of great wisdom.

7. Only a child that had great strength could endure the hardships to which Greek children were subjected.

In the first sentence, what part of speech is honest? Into what kind of phrase did you enlarge this word? Into what kind of clause ?

What part of speech is noted, in the second sentence? Into what kind of phrase did you enlarge this word? Into what kind of clause? What part of speech is there, in the third sentence? Into what kind of phrase and clause did you enlarge this word?

What kind of clause is that is wonderfully beautiful, in the fourth sentence? To what part of speech did you change it?

What kind of phrase is with great bravery, in the fifth sentence? To what part of speech did you change it?

To what kind of words did you change the phrase and the clause in the sixth and seventh sentences?

From these examples you observe that the phrase into which an adjective is enlarged is always an adjective phrase; the clause into which an adjective is enlarged is always an adjective clause; and similarly that when an adverb is enlarged into a phrase or clause, this phrase or clause is adverbial.

Select the word, phrase, and clause modifiers in the following, and state to which class of modifiers each belongs:

With the first warm day of spring, Nature awakens from her long winter sleep.

The cheerful song of the robin is one of the first indications of the coming of spring.

Spring-time in the country offers many delights to one who loves nature.

Poets and artists find subjects for their best works among country scenes.

"The rose is fairest when 'tis budding new,

And hope is brightest when it dawns from tears." That Lincoln was the greatest real American is generally believed.

LESSON L

STUDY OF SELECTIONS

CHARGE OF THE LIGHT Brigade

In the trenches of Balaklava was a body of light horse, numbering six hundred and seven men, under the Earl of Cardigan. It happened that this officer had become an object of jealousy to Lord Lucan, who commanded the division.

While certain Russian batteries on the heights at a distance were pounding away at the English position, an order, borne by Captain Nolan, came to Cardigan to charge the Russian guns. The order bore the signature of Lord Lucan, but this was afterward declared to be a forgery.

It was like ordering out a regiment of boys to carry Gibraltar. But obedience was obedience, and the order with the commander's signature might not be questioned.

So the brave young fellows of the Light Brigade tightened their girths, mounted, and drew their sabres. "Boys, here goes the last of the Cardigans," said the earl, as with compressed lips and blood