15. That of h in hot, an aspirate, or simple breathing.

"king, a nasal consonant sound.

m man, a liquid nasal consonant sound.

16.

66

ng

66

n

not,

76

66

let, a liquid consonant sound.

66

COMPOUND CONSONANT SOUNDS.

1. That of ch in chest (aspirate). | 2. That of j in jest (vocal).

EXERCISES ON ELEMENTARY SOUNDS, ETC.

By close drilling in the following Exercises, most of the ordinary faults in articulation and pronunciation may be guarded against or reformed. Particular attention should be given to those words, and classes of words, which we most frequently hear mispronounced.

Among these words are the following, which will be found in the Exercises, classed in alphabetical order under the appropriate elementary sounds of their italicized letters; are; catch, gather; again, cellar, forget, get, yet; been, pretty; boat, bōth, cōat, mōst, whōle, fellōw, pillōw, windōw; column, just, none, nothing; what, while; being, inorning; chasm, prism; heaven, shapen; chicken, sloven; drivel, evil; chapel, counsel; beneath, with; shrug, shrill; due, new, produce, reduce; hoist, joint, poison, &c. Remark that in heaven, evil, whole, two italicized letters, and in sloven, chapel, when, only one, come under the sounds severally of n, ↳, and h.

Attention should be given to the short and obtuseEI sound of er (as, in her) and its equivalents as applied to such words as burst, first, therefore, were, worth, &c. Give this sound also to unaccented syllables, as in energy, poverty, temperance, &c., but do not change the poise of the accent.

Owing to the trilled quality of r when it begins, or is one of a combination of consonants that begin, a syllable, the succeeding ū, ue, ui, or ew, has the sound of oo long, and not the y sound given to u in cube, tune, duty, mute, &c.; to ew in new, &c. Apply the sound of oo long to rude, true, bruit, shrew, &c.

When a consonant ends one syllable and is repeated at the beginning of the next, in a class of words like ad-dūce, ap-pear, op-pose, in-nate, &c., let both consonants be distinctly sounded. There is a tendency to drop the sound of the first.

Exercises in simple vowel and consonant combinations may be easily multiplied on the black-board and slate. For instance, let all the consonant sounds be written down, according to their order in the preceding Table. Then let them be pronounced in combination with the first elementary vowel sound (that of a in father), thus: a (1)—ha; ang; ma, am, mam; na, an, nan; la, al, lal ; ra, ar, rar; pa, ap, pap-ba, ab, bab; fa, af, faf — va, av, vav; tha, ath, thath — tha, ath, thath; ta, at, tat— da, ad, dad; ka, ak, kak-ga, ag, gag; sa, as, sas-za, az, zaz; sha, ash, shash-za, az, zaz; cha, ach, chach-ja, aj, jaj.

EXERCISES IN PRONUNCIATION.

13

In order to distinguish trilled r from untrilled, vocal th from aspirate th, and the z in azure from the z in zeal, the former may have a line under it, which is the writer's mark for printed italicizing.

After the first elementary vowel sound has been practised in connection with the consonant sounds, the second may be substituted, then the third, and so on. The following combinations may be written and practised: bla, ble, bli, blo, blu; bra, bre, bri; abd, ebd, ibd; akts, ekts, ikts; fla, fle, fli, flo, flu; and, end, ind, ond, oond, und; gra, gre, gri; pla, ple, pli; ska, ske, ski; sma, sme, smi; thla, thle, thli; arm, orm, urm; arn, ern, orn; anst, enst, &c.

The marks of accent, quantity, &c., as explained on page 25, should be made familiar to the learner as they occur.

In the following Exercises, too much heed cannot be given to the significance of the italicized letters, as already explained (page 10).

VOWEL SOUNDS.

1. a(as in father). A-larm, alms, are, aunt, balm bark, bath, calf, daunt, draught,28 gape, half, haunt, hearth, laugh, psalm, star, staunch, taunt, wrath. 2. ǎ:- (short, as in fut). A-ban'don, ac-cord', ac'rid, al'mon-er, bade, catch, clam'ber, gas, gath'er, har ass, mall, mat'in, plaid, rail'ler-ry, rath'er, sam'ple, tas'sel. 3. á:

(long, as in fāte). A-bate', an'gel, ăr-raign, aye, bait, cam'bric, dan'ger, deign, es-trange', gauge, great, hei'nous, in-veigh', pay, prey, steak, straight, weigh. 4. â: (broad, as in full). Ac-cord', al'so, ap-pall', auction, awful, broad, brought, daugh'ter, fal'con, gone, in-stal'ment, law'yer, malt, nor'mal, sward, scald. 5. ĕ:-(long, as in me). Ca-price', con-ceit, dear, de-ceit, de'mon, e'en, fa-tigue, fiend, in-vei'gle, key, mien, peo'ple, pique,29 quay," re-ceipt, seize, tea.

6. ĕ:- (short, as in let). Ac-ci-den'tal, an'y, a-gain, a-gainst, break'fast, cel'lar, cleanse, deaf, en'gine, er'ring, for-get, get, ket'tle, man'y said, says, yet. :- (short, as in pin). Been, bis'cuit, breech'es, build, bus'y, Engʻland, ju've-nile, live'long, marriage, mount'ain, pretty, sieve, vig'il, vine'yard, wom'en.

7. Ĭ:

8. Ō:— (long, as in gō). Beau, bil'low, boat, both, brooch, cloak, coat, co'coa, do'tard, droll, fel'low, folk, follow, fro'ward, haut'boy, most, sew, strew, whole. 9. Ŏ:-(short, as in got). Bod'y, chaps, column," dross, grov'el, hal'i-but, hov'el, knowledge, moth, qual'i-ty, squad'ron, trode, wad, wand, was, yacht.

19

10. u:(as in bull). Am'bush, book, brook, butch'er, could, crook, cush'ion, foot, for-sook, full, hook, look, pull, pulpit, push, put, should, wolf, wom'an.

11. 00:- (long, as in cool). Bal-loon, be-hove, boor, bruise, brutal, ca-noe, croup, im-brue, im-prove, lose, los'er, moon, room, root, rude, rule, shoe, un-couth. 12. ŭ:- (short, as in but). Blood, broth'er, column," com'bat, com'pass, cous'in,18 done, dost, front, none, noth'ing, pom'mel, rough, some, son, thor'ough.

13. W:

VOWEL OR CONSONANT SOUNDS.

- (as in will, swoon, &c.). Choir, quake, squad'ron, swear, thwart, was, weath'er, wheth'er,15 wine, woe, woo, work, wood, worm'wood.

14. y: (as in yes). As'ia, con-cil'iate, fil'ial, Indian, loy'al, min'ion, o'dious, pin'ion, pon'iard, re-bell'ion, yawn, yerk, yield, yon, yon'der, yore, youth.

CONSONANT SOUNDS.

15. h:— (as in hat). Be-hest', ex-haust, ex-hib'it, ex-hort, hall, harts'horn, haunt, hos'tler, in-hale, per-haps, whale, wheat, wheel, whelm, whole, whole'some. 16. ng: (as in king). Act'ing, an'chor, bank, be'ing, con'course, con'gress, con'quest, fin'ger, lin'ger, hang'er, hang'ing, lon'ger, long'ing, sing'er.

17. m:- (as in maim). Am'i-ty, balm, blame, calm, column,12 comb, con-demn, emp'ty, fam'ine gum, hymn, lamb, limn, lim'ner, realm, sol'emn.

18. n:

(as in nun). Ba'sin, barn, chas'ten, chick'en, con-dign', cous-in, deaf'en, e'ven, gnarl, has'ten, heav'en, kneel, often, poi'gnant, rea'son, sudden.

88

EXERCISES IN PRONUNCIATION.

15

19. 1: (as in lily). Aisle, ax'le, cas'tle, chap'el, coun'sel, driv'el, driz'zle, e'vil, flow, fol'ly, grov'el, isle, lull, par'cel, sol'ace, stee'ple, tack'le, ti'tle, trav'el. 20. r:-(trilled, as in rough; untrilled, as in before).* A-round, crib, en-rich, li'bra-ry, rare, throng, trumpet. Ab-hor, ar'dor, bar, bare, pure, terse.

COGNATE CONSONANT SOUNDS.

16

21. P: (aspirate, as in pipe). Apt, bump, cap, hap'py, pap, pip'pin, pomp, pop'u-lous, prāt'er, prune, prim, pu'pil, sharp, slap, slip'per, whelp.15

22. b:-(vocal, as in bag). Ab'ro-gate, babe, barb, bib, blue, bubble, bulb, cub, ebb, eb'o-ny, fab'u-lous, fib, fob, glebe, im-bue, rhomb, suc-cumb.

23. f: (aspirate, as in fan). Calf, chafe, chough, draught, fife, graph'ic, half,1 hy'phen, laugh,1 lymph, nymph, off, often, pamphlet, phil'ter, phrase.

24. V: (vocal, as in valve). Av'a-rice, brave, cleave, e'ven, fever, grove, halve, heav'en, hive, neph'ew,† of, solve, Stephen, twelve, viv'id, weave.

25. th:- (aspirate, as in thin). Be-trothed, bōth, breath, breaths, forth-with, friths, hun'dredth, lath, lōth, mouth, path, thank, troth, truth, truths, youths.

26 th (vocal, as in thine). Bathe, beneath, blithe,

:

booth, booths, heath'en, oaths, paths, the, their, thence-forth, thith'er, though, whith'er, with.

27. t:-(aspirate, as in tin). Ab'stract, asth'ma, brit'tle, chafed, chopped, clipped, danced, debt, drought, flour'ished, in-dict, laughed, subt'le, vict'ual.

* R is rough or trilled when it begins a word or syllable, without or with a consonant element; as in run, shrug, contrary.

So according to Walker and English usage. Webster gives to the ph in this word the aspirate sound of f.

In the preterites and past particles of verbs ending with an aspirate consonant sound, d takes the sound of t; as in hushed, stuffed, tracked, betrothed, &c.