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Lawrence, who had been promoted to cap- of the Chesapeake that she became unman

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Bowes Vere Broke, appeared off Boston Her mizzen rigging was entangled in the Harbor, in the attitude of a challenger. fore-chains of the Shannon, in which posiShe then carried fifty-two guns. He tion the decks of the Chesapeake were wrote to Lawrence, requesting the Chesapcake to meet the Shannon, "ship to ship, to try the fortunes of their respective flags." He assured Lawrence that the Chesapeake could not leave Boston without the risk of being "crushed by the superior force of the British squadron," then abroad, and proposed that they should meet in single combat, without the interference of other vessels.

swept with terrible effect by the balls of her antagonist. Lawrence ordered his boarders to be called up. There was some delay, when a musket-ball mortally wounded the gallant young commander, and he was carried below. As he left the deck he said, "Tell the men to fire faster, and not to give up the ship; fight her till she sinks." These words of the dying hero slightly paraphrased to "Don't give up the ship," became the battle-cry of the Americans, and the formula of an encouraging maxim in morals for those who are struggling in life's contests.

Lawrence accepted the challenge, and, with Lieut. Augustus Ludlow as second in command, he sailed out of Boston Harbor to meet the Shannon, at mid-day, June 1, 1813. The same evening, between five and Broke's boarders now swarmed upon the six o'clock, they engaged in a close con- deck of the Chesapeake, and Lieutenant flict. After fighting twelve minutes, the Ludlow, the second in command, was Shannon so injured the spars and rigging mortally wounded by a sabre cut. After

a severe struggle, in which the Americans and sold her timbers for building purposes, lost, in killed and wounded, 146 men, vic- much of it for making houses in Portstory remained with the Shannon. The mouth, and a considerable portion for the British lost eighty-four men. Broke sailed erection of a mill at Wickham, 9 miles immediately for Halifax with his prize, from Portsmouth. and the day before his arrival there (June 7) Lawrence expired, wrapped in the flag of the Chesapeake.

England rang with shouts of exultation because of this victory. An American writer remarked: "Never did any victory -not even of Wellington in Spain, nor those of Nelson-call forth such expressions of joy on the part of the British "; a proof that our naval character had risen in their estimation. Lawrence fought under great disadvantages. He had been in command of the ship only about ten days, and was unacquainted with the abilities of her officers and men; some of the former were sick or absent. His crew were almost mutinous because of disputes concerning prize-money, and many of them had only recently enlisted; besides, the feeling among the sailors that she was an "unlucky" ship was disheartening.

Chesapeake Bay. At the mouth of this bay a contest took place between the British Admiral Graves and the French Admiral de Grasse, aiding the American colonies against Great Britain; the former was obliged to retire, Sept. 5, 1781. The Chesapeake and Delaware were blockaded by the British fleet in the War of 1812, and the bay was, at that period, the scene of hostilities, with various results. See MARYLAND; VIRGINIA.

Chesney, CHARLES CORNWALLIS, military writer; born in England, Sept. 29, 1826; entered the British army, and was professor at Sandhurst Military College. His publications relating to the United States include Military View of Recent Campaigns in Virginia (1863-65), and Military Biographies (1873), in which is included several American military officers. He died in England, March 19, 1876.

Chester, the first town settled in Pennsylvania. The Delaware River Iron Shipbuilding and Engine Works established here in 1872 by John Roach. Here the City of Pekin and City of Tokio were built for the Pacific mail service.

The remains of Lawrence and Ludlow were conveyed to Salem, Mass., where funeral honors were paid to them on Aug. 23. Early in September they were conveyed to New York, and were deposited (Sept. 16) in Trinity churchyard. The corporation of the city of New York Chester, JOSEPH LEMUEL (pen name erected a marble monument to Lawrence, JULIAN CRAMOR), antiquarian; born in which becoming dilapidated, the vestry Norwich, Conn., April 30, 1821; removed of Trinity Church erected a handsome to London, England, in 1858, and devoted mausoleum of brown freestone (1847), himself to the history and genealogy of near the southeast corner of Trinity Church, close by Broadway, in commemoration of both Lawrence and Ludlow, and eight trophy cannon were placed around it. Captain Lawrence's coat, chapeau, and sword are now in possession of the New Jersey Historical Society.

The freedom of the city of London and a sword were given to Captain Broke by the corporation; the Prince Regent knighted him; and the inhabitants of his native county (Suffolk) presented him with a gorgeous piece of silver as a testimonial of their sense of his eminent services. The Chesapeake was taken to England and sold to the government for about $66,000, and in 1814 was put in commission. In 1820 she was sold to a private gentleman for a very small sum, who broke her up

the early settlers in New England. His publications include Educational Laws of Virginia; The Personal Narrative of Mrs. Margaret Douglas; John Rogers (with a genealogy of the family), etc. He died in London, England, May 28, 1882.

Chestnut, JAMES, JR., Senator; born near Camden, S. C., in 1815; graduated at Princeton College in 1835; elected United States Senator from South Carolina, Jan. 5, 1859. When it became evident that his State would secede he resigned his seat, but his resignation was not accepted, and on July 11, 1861, he was expelled. He was a member of the Confederate Provisional Congress; entered the Confederate army; became aide to Jefferson Davis; and was promoted brigadiergeneral in 1864.

Chevalier, MICHEL, political econo- 3 and 6 pounder field - pieces of that mist; born in Limoges, France, Jan. 13, time. A brigade commanded by Maxwell 1806; educated in a polytechnic school; was left to surround the house, while the came to the United States to examine main American force pushed on. This its canals and railroads. His publications incident gave the British time to preinclude Lettres sur l'Amérique du Nord; pare for the American attack. From Introduction aux rapports du jury inter- 1790 to 1806, when the High Court national; Histoire et description des voies of Errors and Appeals was abandoned, de communication aux Etats-Unis et he des travaux qui en dépendent; Cours d'économie; L'Isthme de Panama; La liberté aux États-Unis; L'expédition du Mexique; Le Mexique ancien et moderne, etc. He died Nov. 28, 1879.

was president of that court. He died Jan. 20, 1810. See GERMANTOWN, BATTLE OF.

Cheyenne Indians, one of the most westerly tribes of the Algonquian nation. They were seated on the Cheyenne, a branch of the Red River of the North. Driven by the Sioux, they retreated be yond the Missouri. Near the close of the eighteenth century they were driven to or near the Black Hills (now in the Dakotas and Wyoming), where Lewis

Cheves, LANGDON, statesman; born in Abbeville District, S. C., Sept. 17, 1776. Admitted to the bar in 1800, he soon became eminent as a lawyer and as a leader in the State legislature, which he entered in 1808. He was attorney general of the State, and was a member and Clarke found them in 1804, when of Congress from 1811 to 1816, zealous- they possessed horses and made plunly supporting all war measures intro- dering raids as far as New Mexico. See duced. When, in 1814, Henry Clay was CLARKE, GEORGE ROGERS; LEWIS, MERIsent to negotiate a treaty of peace with WETHER. Great Britain, he succeeded the Kentuckian as speaker of the House, which place he held for a year, his casting vote defeating a bill for the rechartering of the United States Bank. The bank was rechartered in 1816; and when in trouble in 1819 Cheves was appointed president of its directors, and by his great energy and keen judgment it was saved from dissolution. He became chief commissioner under the treaty of Ghent for settling some of its provisions. He was a public advocate of disunion as early as the year 1830, but opposed NULLIFICATION (q. v.). He died in Columbia, S. C., June 25, 1857.

Chew, BENJAMIN, jurist; born in West River, Md., Nov. 29, 1722; settled in Philadelphia in 1745; was recorder in 1755-72; and became chief-justice of Pennsylvania in 1774. During the Revolutionary War he sided with the royalist party, and in 1777 he was imprisoned in Fredericksburg, Va., because he had refused to give a parole. On Oct. 4, 1777, during the battle of Germantown, a British outpost took refuge in his large stone mansion, and the Americans, in order to drive them out, fired on the building with muskets and cannon. The building, however, was too strongly built to be demolished by the

About 1825, when they were at peace with the Sioux, and making war upon the Pawnees, Kansas, and other tribes, a feud occurred in the family. A part of them remained with the Sioux, and the others went south to the Arkansas River and joined the Arapahoes. Many treaties were made with them by agents of the United States, but broken; and, finally, losing all confidence in the honor of the white race, they began hostilities in 1861. This was the first time that the Cheycnnes were at war with the white people. While negotiations for peace and friendship were on foot, Colonel Chivington, of Colorado, fell upon a Cheyenne village (Nov. 29, 1864) and massacred about 100 men, women, and children. The whole tribe was fired with a desire for revenge, and a fierce war ensued, in which the United States lost many gallant soldiers and spent between $30,000,000 and $40,000.000.

The ill-feeling of the Indians towards the white people remained unabated. Some treaties were made and imperfectly carried out; and, after General Hancock burned one of their villages in 1867, they again made war, and slew 300 United States soldiers and settlers. General Custer defeated them on the Washita, killing

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