Sheridan and Davis, who had been driven over to the Dry Valley road, rallying their shattered columns, reformed them by the way, and, with McCook, halted and changed front at Rossville, with a determination to defend the pass at all hazards against the pursuers. Thomas finally withdrew from his breastworks and concentrated his troops, and formed his line on a slope of Missionary Ridge. Wood and Brannan had barely time to dispose their troops properly, when they were furiously attacked, the Confederates throwing in fresh troops continually. General Granger, commanding reserves at Rossville, hastened to the assistance of Thomas with Steedman's division. The latter fought his way to the crest of a hill, and then turning his artillery upon his assailants, drove them down the southern slope of the ridge with great slaughter. They returned to the attack with an overwhelming force, determined to drive the Nationals from the ridge, and pressed Thomas most severely. Finally, when they were moving along a ridge and in a gorge, to assail his right flank and rear, Granger formed two brigades (Whittaker's and Mitchell's) into a charging party, and hurled them against the Confederates led by Hindman. Steedman led the charging party, with a regimental flag in his hand, and soon won a victory. In the space of twenty minutes the Confederates disappeared, and the Nationals held both the ridge and gorge. driven back, with a loss of 200 men made prisoners. So ended the battle of Chickamauga. The National loss was reported at 16,326, of whom 1,687 were killed. The total loss of officers was 974. It is probable the entire Union loss, including the missing, was 19,000. The Confederate loss was reported at 20,500, of whom 2,673 were killed. Rosecrans took 2,003 prisoners, thirty-six guns, twenty caissons, and 8,450 small-arms, and lost, as prisoners, 7,500. Bragg claimed to have captured over 8,000 prisoners (including the wounded), fiftyone guns, and 15,000 small-arms. The Confederates were victors on the field, but their triumph was not decisive. On the evening of the 20th the whole National army withdrew in good order to a position in front of Chattanooga, and on the following day Bragg advanced and took possession of Lookout Mountain and the whole of Missionary Ridge. Chickamauga National Park, a public park established by Congress Aug. 19, 1890, in the southeastern part of Tennessee and northwestern part of Georgia; embraces the famous battle-fields of Chickamauga and of the scenes which occurred around Chattanooga. Both Tennessee and Georgia ceded to the United States jurisdiction over the historic fields as well as the approaching roads. The roads, buildings, and conditions existing at the time of the battles are gradually being restored. A road 20 miles in extent has been constructed along the crest of Missionary Ridge where occurred some of the heaviest actions. The headquarters of the general officers and the positions of participating organizations, batteries, regiments and detached forces of both armies, are marked with inscribed tablets. The erection of monuments to commemorate the smaller organizations has been left to the States and veterans' societies. The park is designed to create a prehensive and extended military objectlesson." Very soon a greater portion of the Confederate army were swarming around the foot of the ridge, on which stood Thomas with the remnant of seven divisions of the Army of the Cumberland. The Confederates were led by Longstreet. There seemed no hope for the Nationals. But Thomas stood like a rock, and his men repulsed assault after assault until the sun went down, when he began the withdrawal of his troops to Rossville, for his ammunition was almost exhausted. General Garfield, Rosecrans's chief of staff, had arrived with orders for Thomas to take Chickasaw Bayou, BATTLE OF. When the command of all the forces, and, with Gen. W. T. Sherman came down from McCook and Crittenden, to take a strong Memphis to engage in the siege of Vicksposition at Rossville. It was then that burg, late in 1862, with about 20,000 men Thomas had the first reliable information and some heavy siege guns, he was joined of disaster on the right. Confederates by troops from Helena, Ark., and was met seeking to obstruct the movement were by a gunboat fleet, under Admiral Porter, com at the mouth of the Yazoo River, just There is a deep natural ditch extending from the Yazoo below Haines's Bluff to the Mississippi, called Chickasaw Bayou, passing near the bluffs, which were fortified, and along their bases were rifle - pits for sharp-shooters. This bayou lay in the path of Sherman's march up the bluffs, which must be carried to gain the rear of Vicksburg. His troops moved in four columns, commanded spectively by Generals Morgan, A. J. Smith, Morgan L. Smith, and F. Steele. re Chickasaw Indians, a tribe of the Creek confederacy that formerly inhabited the country along the Mississippi from the borders of the Choctaw domain to the Ohio River, and eastward beyond the Tennessee to the lands of the Cherokees BATTLE OF CHICKASAW BAYOU. They moved on Dec. 27, bivouacked with- and Shawnees. They were warlike, and out fire that night, and proceeded to the were the early friends of the English and attack the next morning. The Nationals the inveterate foes of the French, who drove the Confederate pickets across the twice (1736 and 1740) invaded their counbayou, and everywhere the ground was so try under Bienville and De Noailles. The soft that causeways of logs had to be built Chickasaws said they came from west of for the passage of troops and artil- the Mississippi, under the guardianship lery. The Nationals were seriously en- of a great dog, with a pole for a guide. filaded by the Confederate batteries and At night they stuck the pole in the ground, sharp-shooters. The right of the Union and went the way it leaned every morntroops was commanded by Gen. F. P. ing. Their dog was drowned in crossing Blair, who led the way across the the Mississippi, and after a while their bayou over a bridge his men had built, pole, in the interior of Alabama, remained captured two lines of rifle-pits, and fought upright, and there they settled. De Soto desperately to gain the crest of the hill passed a winter among them (1540-41), before him. Others followed, and a severe when they numbered 10,000 warriors. battle ensued. Pemberton, the Confederate These were reduced to 450 when the chief, had arrived, and so active were the French seated themselves in Louisiana. Confederates on the bluffs that the Na- Wars with the new-comers and surtionals were repulsed with heavy loss. rounding tribes occurred until the middle Blair lost one-third of his brigade. Dark- of the eighteenth century. They favored ness closed the struggle, when Sherman the English in the Revolution, when they had lost about 2,000 men, and his an- had about 1,000 warriors. They joined tagonists only 207. the white people against the Creeks in 1795, and always remained the friends of the pale faces; and, in 1818, they had eeded all their lands north of the State of Mississippi. Some of the tribe had already emigrated to Arkansas. In 1834 they ceded all their lands to the United States, amounting to over 6,400,000 acres, for which they received $3,646,000. Then they joined the Choctaws, who spoke the same language, and became a part of that nation. During their emigration the small-pox destroyed a large number of their tribe. Child, LYDIA MARIA, author; born in Medford, Mass., Feb. 11, 1802; educated in the common schools; began her literary career in 1819; and was noted as a supporter of the abolition movement. They did not advance in civilization as In 1859 she sent a letter of sympathy to rapidly as the Choctaws, and had no John Brown, who was then imprisoned at schools until 1851. They were politically Harper's Ferry, offering to become his separated from the Choctaws in 1855, and nurse. This offer he declined, but requesthave since been recognized as a distinct ed her to aid his family, which she did. tribe. Led by their agents, who were Governor Wise, of Virginia, politely reSouthern men, they joined the Confeder- buked her in a letter, and another epistle ates, and lost nearly one-fourth of their from Senator Mason's wife threatened her population, much stock, and all their with eternal punishment. These letters slaves. They gave up 7,000,000 acres of with her replies were subsequently publand for 42 cents an acre, and the money lished and reached a circulation of 300,was to go to the freedmen, unless within two years they allowed the negroes to become a part of the tribe. The latter alternative was adopted, Jan. 10, 1873. In 1899 there were 8,730 still bearing their old name at the Union agency, Indian Territory. See CHOCTAW INDIANS. Chickering, JESSE, political economist; born in Dover, N. H., Aug. 31, 1797; graduated at Harvard College in 1818; later studied medicine and practised in Boston, Mass. His publications include Statistical View of the Population of Massachusetts from 1765-1840; Emigration into the United States; Reports on the Census of Boston; and a Letter Addressed to the President of the United States on Slavery, considered in Relation to the Principles of Constitutional Govcrnment in Great Britain and in the United States. He died in West Roxbury, Mass., May 29, 1855. 000. In 1840-43 she was editor of the Children, DEPENDENT. See DEPENDENT Children's Day, or FLORAL SUNDAY, a Sunday set apart annually in June, by most of the Protestant evangelical churches in the United States, when the Sunday-school children are given charge of one or both church services. The day is significant for its floral decorations and for more or less elaborate programmes, consisting of vocal music, recitations, and other exercises by the children. Chile. Towards the close of 1890, a Child, DAVID LEE, abolitionist; born in revolution occurred in Chile, South AmerWest Boylston, Mass., July 8, 1794: ica. It was the result of certain abuses graduated at Harvard College in 1817: of power on the part of the President of was later admitted to the bar. In 1830 that republic, and the conflict was carried he was editor of the Massachusetts Jour on with great bitterness between his adnal, and while holding a seat in the legis herents and the revolutionary party with lature opposed the annexation of Texas; the Chilean Congress at its head. Early afterwards he issued a tract on the subject in the course of the war almost the enentitled Naboth's Vineyard. In 1836 he tire Chilean navy deserted the cause of the published ten articles on the subject of President and espoused that of the revo lutionists. Among the vessels employed About the same time another complicaby the latter was the Itata, originally tion arose between Chile and the United a merchant ship, but then armed and re- States. While the United States cruiser fitted as a cruiser. In the spring of 1891 Baltimore was in the harbor of Valparaithis vessel put in at the harbor of San so, a party of her sailors became involved Diego, Cal., for the purpose of securing in a riot with the Chileans, Oct. 16, 1891. a cargo of arms and ammunition for the In the course of the mêlée several sailors revolutionists. The secret, however, was were wounded, of whom two died; thirtynot well kept, and when it came to the six were arrested by the authorities. When knowledge of the United States authori- the news of the affair reached the United ties, steps were at once taken to prevent States it created considerable excitement. her from accomplishing the object of her On Oct. 23 President Harrison despatched mission. Officers acting under the neutral- a message to United States Minister Egan ity laws seized the vessel and placed a at Santiago, demanding reparation, and United States deputy marshal on board. two war-ships were sent to the country. On Dec. 11, the Chilean minister of foreign affairs, Matta, sent a communication, which became known as the "Matta Note." The Chilean request for Mr Egan's recall, and the phraseology of the “Matta Note," gave offence at Washington, and in January, 1892, the President despatched a protest to the Chilean government, and on Jan. 25 sent a message to Congress. Meantime at Valparaiso an inquiry was held on the riot, and three Chileans were sentenced to penal servitude. President Montt, who had now been inducted into office, directed the minister of foreign affairs to withdraw the "Matta Note" and also the request for Minister Egan's recall, and Chile paid an indemnity of $75,000. Soon afterwards, on the night of May 6, the Itata, disregarding this action of the United States, sailed away from San Diego with the American officer on board. The latter, however, was landed a few miles south of San Diego. The Itata then took on board, from the American schooner Robert and Minnie, a cargo of arms and ammunition which had arrived from the Eastern States, and immediately sailed for Chile. On May 9 the United States warship Charleston was ordered in pursuit, with instructions to take her at all hazards. The chase lasted twenty-five days. The Charleston reached the bay of Iquique first, and there learned that the revolutionists, fearing to provoke the hostility of the United States, had resolved to surrender the Itata to the authorities of that country. A few days later that vessel, upon arriving at Iquique, was promptly given over to the United States officers. She was manned with an American crew, and sent back to the harbor of San Diego, where it was intended she should remain until the settlement of the question at issue concerning her cargo and her responsibility to the United States. The Chilean war, however, was brought to a close in the autumn by the complete success of the revolutionary forces, and the case against the Itata was allowed to drop. The affair was variously interpreted in the United States: by enemies of the administration as the bullying of a weaker power; by the administration's friends as an instance of a vigorous national policy. During 1893 and 1894 Chile was shaken by several domestic revolutions, during which much American property was destroyed. In November, 1895, Señor Barros, a liberal, formed a cabinet and paid to the United States $250,000 for damage done during the revolutions. In 1896 Chile concluded peace treaties with all her neighbors. CHINA China. From time to time, during the stationed in the northern provinces of latter part of 1899 and the early part of China, of the rapid spread and threaten1900, came disturbing reports, from mis- ing attitude of the Boxers, a secret orsionaries and the representatives of the ganization having for its purpose the exUnited States and the European powers termination of all foreigners and the abolition of all foreign influence from On June 2, Mr. H. V. Norman, an English missionary, was murdered by the Boxers at Yung Ching, a few miles from Peking, and during the following days the rioting and destruction of property seemed to break out on every side with renewed violence. The imperial decrees against the rioters were only half-hearted, and it was responsibly reported that, in spite of the representations of the Chinese government of heavy engagements in their efforts to put down the uprising, a large number of the imperial forces were fighting with the Boxers. Fifty miles of the Luban Railway had been destroyed by the anti-foreign mob, with many stores and supplies for the new lines then under construction. Chapels and mission settlements in Shantung and Pechili provinces were looted and burned and hundreds of native Christians massacred. Finally the railway from Tientsin to Peking was cut. Chinese territory. The native name of this society is I-ho-ch'uan, "Combination of Righteous Harmony Fists"; it had for its leader Prince Tuan, the father of the heir-presumptive to the Chinese throne; and had its origin in the intense antiforeign sentiment excited by the occupation by the European powers of Chinese territory under various cessions in the years immediately following the ChinoJapanese War (1895), the superstitions of the ignorant classes, and the hatred, in certain districts, of the missionaries, who, in their zeal for converts, had entered under treaty rights into every part of the empire. Conditions grew more critical and the threatening of the missionaries increased in extent and intensity until, on May 19, 1900, the Christian village of Lai-Shun, 70 miles from Peking, was destroyed, and seventy-three native converts massacred. The representatives of the foreign powers, on May 21, addressed a joint note to the Tsung-li-Yamen, the foreign office of the Chinese government, calling for the suppression of the Boxers, and the restoration of order. This and all further attempts on the part of the ministers met with little or no response, the Court itself openly encouraging the anti-foreign sentiment, and the young Emperor, KwangSu, being entirely under the influence of the Empress Dowager, notorious for her hatred of and opposition to the reformation policy. Upon the report of United States MINISTER EDWIN H. CONGER (q. v.), that the Boxers were operating within a few miles of Peking, and of the great danger to the property and lives of the Americans in that part of the world, the United States government ordered REARADMIRAL LOUIS KEMPFF (q. v.) to proceed at once with the flag-ship Newark to Taku, at the mouth of the Peiho River, the harbor for Tientsin and Peking. Here gathered, within a few days, the available war-ships of Great Britain, Russia, fortifications were finally captured at the France, Germany, and Italy. Captain McCalla, with 100 men from the Newark, landed and proceeded to Tientsin, and on May 31, a small international force, including seven officers and fifty-six men of the American marine corps, were despatched to Peking, as a guard for the legations, and were admitted to the city. On June 10, the British Admiral Seymour, with 2,000 men, drawn from the international forces in Tientsin, set out to repair the railway, and found it so badly damaged that in two days he had advanced only 35 miles. Then came the news that he had been surrounded by countless hordes of Chinese, imperial soldiers and Boxers, and that all communication with 'Tientsin and Peking was closed. Not until June 26 was he able, after receiving reinforcements, to cut his way back into Tientsin. He had lost 374 men, and had not been able to get within 25 miles of Peking, his whole command barely escaping annihilation. In this unfortunate advance and retreat, Captain McCalla, who was the leader of the American contingent, was highly commended for his bravery and resourcefulness. On June 17, the Chinese forts at Taku opened fire upon the warships of the allied forces, and those of Germany, Russia, Great Britain, France, and Japan immediately returned the bombardment. The point of the bayonet by soldiers landed at a point enabling them to assault in the rear. Over 100 Europeans were killed and wounded in this engagement; the Chinese loss was estimated at 700. The American Admiral Kempff did not participate in the attack, taking the ground that the United States was not at war with China, and |