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Cabinet, THE KITCHEN. See KITCHEN what was known as the Anglo-American CABINET.

Cable, managed by a company of the same Cable, GEORGE WASHINGTON, author; name. In 1868 the French Atlantic Teleborn in New Orleans, Oct. 12, 1844; was graph Company was formed, and the foleducated in the public schools. In 1863- lowing year it laid a line from Brest, 65 he served in the Confederate army in France, to Duxbury, Mass. The fourth the 4th Mississippi Cavalry; in 1865-79 Atlantic telegraph cable was laid from was clerk in a cotton factory, and for a Valentia, Ireland, to Heart's Content, time a reporter on the New Orleans Trinity Bay, Newfoundland, in the sumPicayune. In 1879 he gave himself mer of 1873, and a few months later up wholly to literature, making a spe- the Brazilian telegraph cable was laid cialty of describing Creole life in Lou- from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, to a bay on isiana. In 1887 he established the House- the coast of Portugal. In 1874 the Direct Culture Clubs, a system of small clubs United States Cable Company was

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foundland. Another French line was laid from Brest to St. Pierre, an island in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, in 1880. The companies owning all these lines having formed a combination and pooled their receipts, to keep up rates on the transmission of messages, a competing company was formed by James Gordon Bennett and John W. Mackay. This laid in 1884-85 two lines from Ireland to Nova Scotia, having also a connecting line from Ireland to France. In 1900 plans were perfected for a Pacific cable, to extend from San Francisco to Honolulu, thence to Wake Island, Guam Island, and Manila, all United States possessions.

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Cabot, the name of a family of explorers intimately connected with the history of America. JOHN is supposed to have been born in Genoa, although some historians have claimed Venice as his birthplace. There is evidence that for fifteen years prior to 1476 he resided in Venice, and in that year formally became a citizen. Subsequently he removed to Bristol, England, and engaged in mercantile business. With a view of finding a shorter route to India,

SEBASTIAN CABOT.

he determined to attempt a northwest passage. To further his undertaking he secured from Henry VII. a patent for the discovery of any unknown lands lying in either the eastern, western, or northern seas.

SEBASTIAN, the second son of John, was

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MAP OF THE GULF OF ST. LAWRENCE, AFTER CHARTS MADE BY SEBASTIAN CABOT.

sailed again from Bristol; on this voyage JOHN died and Sebastian succeeded to the command. The place of the landfall is uncertain; probably Labrador and Prince Edward Island were reached. A common account is that he was stopped by the icepack in Davis Strait. Then he sailed southwest, and discovered the shores of Labrador, or, possibly, the northern shore of Newfoundland. Turning northward, he traversed the coast of the continent al

six years thereafter fishermen from England, Brittany, and Normandy were gathering treasures there. As Cabot did not bring back gold from America, King Henry paid no more attention to him; and in 1512 he went to Spain, by invitation of King Ferdinand, and enjoyed honors and emoluments until that monarch's death in 1516, when, annoyed by the jealousies of the Spanish nobility, he returned to England. Henry VIII.

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crowns of Spain and Portugal concerning the right of possession, but it was settled amicably-Portugal to possess the portion of the continent discovered by Cabral, that is, from the River Amazon to the Plate (De la Plata). This discovery led Emanuel

ships) under AMERICUS VESPUCIUS (q. v.), in May, 1501. They touched Brazil at lat. 5° S., and returned home after a voyage of sixteen months. Cabral died about 1526.

furnished Cabot with a vessel, in 1517, to seek for a northwest passage to India; but he unsuccessfully fought the ice-pack at Hudson Bay and was foiled. The successor of Ferdinand invited Cabot to Spain and made him chief pilot of the realm. He was employed by Spanish merchants to send out another expedition (three to command an expedition to the Spice Islands by way of the then newly discovered Strait of Magellan; but circumstances prevented his going farther than the southeast coast of South America, where he discovered the rivers De la Plata and Paraguay. His employers were disappointed, and, resigning his office into the hands of the Spanish monarch, he returned to England in his old age, and was pensioned by the King. After the death of Henry VIII. the "boy King," Edward VI., made Cabot grand pilot of England; but Queen Mary neglected him, and allowed that eminent navigator and discoverer of the North American continent to die in London in comparative poverty and obscurity at the age of eighty years. His cheerful temperament was manifested by his dancing at an assembly of young seamen the year before his death.

Cabot, GEORGE, statesman; born in Salem, Mass., Dec. 3, 1751; educated at Harvard College; member of the Massachusetts Provincial Congress; also of the State convention which accepted the national Constitution; was a United States Senator in 1791-96; and became the first Secretary of the Navy in 1798. He died in Boston, Mass., April 18, 1823.

Cabrilla, JUAN RODRIGUEZ, Portuguese navigator; born late in the fifteenth century; explored the Pacific coast as far as lat. 44° N., off the coast of Oregon, in 1542, under orders from the King of Spain, and discovered many of the islands, bays, and harbors with which we are now familiar. This voyage, made in search of the "Strait of America," which Alarçon had failed to find, was described by him under the title of Viaje y descubrimientos hasta el grado 43 de Latitud. He died at San Bernardo, Cal., Jan. 3, 1543.

Cacique, a word derived from the Haytien tongue and inaccurately applied by the Spaniards to the native nobles of Mexico, and also to great Indian chiefs. Its true meaning is "lord," "prince," or preme ruler."

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Cadwalader, GEORGE, military officer; born in Philadelphia, Pa., in 1804; practised law there till 1846; served in the Mexican War; was present at the battles of Molino del Rey and Chapultepec; and for bravery in the latter was brevetted major-general. He resumed law practice Cabral, PEDRO ALVAREZ, Portuguese in Philadelphia at the close of hostilities. navigator; born about 1460. In 1499, In 1861, he was appointed major - general after VASCO DA GAMA (q. v.) returned of Pennsylvania volunteers, and placed from India, Cabral was sent by King Emanuel, with thirteen ships, on a voyage from Lisbon to the East Indies, for the purpose of following up Gama's discoveries. He left Lisbon on March 9, 1500. In order to avoid the calms on the Guinea shore, he went so far westward as to discover land on the coast of Brazil at lat. 10° S. He erected a cross, and named the country "The Land of the Holy Cross." It was afterwards called Brazil, from brasil, a dyewood that abounded there. Cabral took possession of the country in the name of the King. After it was ascertained that it was a part of the American continent, a controversy arose between the

in command of Baltimore when a local
revolt against the government was
threatened, and in April, 1862, was com-
missioned major-general of United States
volunteers. In the latter year he was
made a member of a board appointed to
revise the military laws and regulations
of the United States. He published Ser-
vices in the Mexican Campaign.
died in Philadelphia, Pa., Feb. 3, 1879.

He

Cadwalader, JOHN, military officer; born in Philadelphia, Pa., Jan. 10, 1742; was an active patriot before the war for independence broke out. He was made colonel of one of the city battalions, and as a brigadier-general afterwards he was

placed in command of the Pennsylvania bishops and priests in the United States, militia, co-operating with Washington in and especially of Archbishop Katzer, of the attack on Trenton, and participating Milwaukee; but were opposed by many in the battle of Princeton. He was in the battles of Brandywine, Germantown, and Monmouth. He challenged Gen. Thomas Conway to fight a duel because of offensive words the latter used towards Wash

JOHN CADWALADER.

others, especially by Cardinal Gibbons, of Baltimore, who, at the installation of Archbishop Katzer, in 1891, denounced the movement as unpatriotic and disloyal. A provincial congress of German - Catholic societies at Dubuque, Ia., in 1892, approved the movement, as did also a national congress in Newark, N. J.; but it seemed overshadowed later by the predominance of more liberal views under the decisions of Monsignor Satolli, in 1892 and 1893; and Archbishop Corrigan publicly declared it a dead issue, and condemned by the Pope.

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Caimanera, a town on the Bay of Guantanamo, in the district of the same name, and the province of Santiago, Cuba; about 35 miles east of the entrance of the harbor of Santiago. At the beginning of the war with Spain in 1898, the town and vicinity were the scene of important military and naval operations. On June 19 the bay was seized for a base of supplies by Captain McCalla, with the Marblehead, Yankee, and St. Louis, and the last vesington. They fought, and Conway was badly sel, supported by the others, cut the cable wounded. After the war Cadwalader lived at Caimanera, which was connected with in Maryland, and was in its legislature. Santiago. The town was garrisoned by He died in Shrewsbury, Pa., Feb. 11, 1786. 3,000 Spanish soldiers, and protected by Cahenslyism, a movement among Ro- several gunboats and a fort. When the man Catholic immigrants in the United American vessels opened fire at 800 yards, States to secure separate ecclesiastical forcing the Spaniards to withdraw from organization for each nationality or lan- the block-house and the town, the Alfonso guage, and in particular for Germans; Pinzon appeared at the entrance of the named after Peter Paul Cahensly, Aus- bay, and at a range of 4,000 yards fired tro-Hungarian envoy to the Vatican, and on the American vessels. The latter soon a leader of the St. Raphael Society in found the range; but the Spanish vessel Germany and Austria for promoting Ro- refused to withdraw until the Marblehead man Catholic interests among emigrants. gave chase, when she retired behind the About 1884, eighty-two German priests in fort, still keeping up her firing. On June the United States petitioned the Pope for 11, a battalion of 600 marines, the first help in perpetuating their native tongue United States troops to set foot upon and usages in the diocese of St. Louis, Cuban soil, were landed under LieutenantMo., and in 1886 petitioned again that Colonel Huntington from the troop-ship German Catholics be obliged to join Ger- Panther and the men-of-war. They estabman-speaking churches, and be forbidden lished themselves at the entrance of the attending those speaking English. Re- bay, little expecting that the Spanish solceiving no open answer, they formed, in diers, who had been driven in panic to 1887, a society which sent representatives the mountains, would return during the that year to the St. Raphael Society at night. Consequently, when their pickets Lucerne, Switzerland, and enlisted the co- were fired upon there was considerable operation of Herr Cahensly. They also surprise. On the night of June 12, the secured the co-operation of many German Spaniards appeared in greater numbers,

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