from fortifying its approaches or en- ties, desiring to preserve and maintain trances, and otherwise restricting open the “general principle of neutralization access to it on the part of the world's commerce. On Dec. 20, 1900, the United States Senate ratified this convention by a vote of fifty-five to eighteen, modifying it in three essential points, and a certified copy of the amended treaty was delivered to Lord Pauncefote for transmission to his government.

established in Article VIII. of the Clayton-Bulwer convention, which convention is hereby superseded, adopt as the basis of such neutralization the following rules, substantially as embodied in the convention between Great Britain and certain other powers signed at Constantinople Oct. 28, 1888, for the free navigation of

The text of the treaty as amended is the Suez Maritime Canal, that is to say: as follows:

The United States of America and her Majesty the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and Empress of India, being desirous to facilitate the construction of a ship canal to connect the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, and to that end to remove any objection which may arise out of the convention of April 19, 1850, commonly called the ClaytonBulwer treaty, to the construction of such canal under the auspices of the government of the United States without impairing the general principle" of neutralization established in Article VIII. of that convention, have for that purpose appointed as their plenipotentiaries:

The President of the United States, John Hay, Secretary of State of the United States of America,

And her Majesty the Queen of Great Britain and Ireland, and Empress of India, the Right Hon. Lord Pauncefote, G.C.B., G.C.M.G., her Majesty's ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary to the United States:

Who, having communicated to each other their full powers, which were found to be in due and proper form, have agreed upon the following articles:

Article I. It is agreed that the canal may be constructed under the auspices of the government of the United States, either directly at its own cost or by the gift or loan of money to individuals or corporations, or through subscription to or purchase of stock or shares, and that, subject to the provisions of the present convention, the said government shall have and enjoy all the rights incident to such construction as well as the exclusive right of providing for the regulation and management of the canal.

First-The canal shall be free and open, in time of war as in time of peace, to the vessels of commerce and of war of all nations, on terms of entire equality, so that there shall be no discrimination against any nation or its citizens or subjects in respect of the conditions charges of traffic or otherwise.

or

Second-The canal shall never be blockaded, nor shall any right of war be exercised, nor any act of hostility be committed within it.

Third-Vessels of war of a belligerent shall not revictual nor take any stores in the canal except so far as may be strictly necessary, and the transit of such vessels through the canal shall be effected with the least possible delay, in accordance with the regulations in force, and with only such intermission as may result from the necessities of the service. Prizes shall be in all respects subject to the same rules as vessels of war of the belligerents.

Fourth-No belligerent shall embark or disembark troops, munitions of war, or warlike materials in the canal except in case of accidental hinderance of the transit, and in such case the transit shall be resumed with all possible despatch.

Fifth-The provisions of this article shall apply to waters adjacent to the canal, within 3 marine miles of either end. Vessels of war of a belligerent shall not remain in such waters longer than twenty-four hours at any one time except in case of distress, and in such case shall depart as soon as possible; but a vessel of war of one belligerent shall not depart within twenty-four hours from the departure of a vessel of war of the other belligerent.

It is agreed, however, that none of the immediately foregoing conditions and stipulations in sections numbered 1. 2. 3. Article II. The high contracting par- 4, and 5 of this article shall apply to

measures which the United States may each bank employed a man to go around

find it necessary to take for securing by its own forces the defence of the United States and the maintenance of public order.

Sixth The plant, establishments, buildings, and all works necessary to the construction, maintenance, and operation of the canal shall be deemed to be part thereof, for the purposes of this convention, and in time of war, as in time of peace, shall enjoy complete immunity from attack or injury by belligerents and from acts calculated to impair their usefulness as part of the canal.

Seventh-No fortifications shall be erected commanding the canal or the waters adjacent. The United States, however, shall be at liberty to maintain such military police along the canal as may be necessary to protect it against lawless ness and disorder.

Article III. The present convention shall be ratified by the President of the United States, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate thereof, and by her Britannic Majesty, and the ratifications shall be exchanged at Washington or at London within six months from the date hereof, or earlier if possible.

In faith whereof the respective plenipotentiaries have signed this convention and thereunto affixed their seals.

Done in duplicate at Washington, the fifth day of February, in the year of our Lord one thousand nine hundred.

JOHN HAY.
PAUNCEFOTE.

every day and collect all checks and drafts drawn upon it by other banks in the city. Now, at the clearing-house, a messenger and a clerk from each bank appear every morning, each clerk taking a seat at the desk of his designated bank, arranged in the form of a hollow ellipse. Each messenger brings with him from his bank a sealed package for every other bank, properly marked with the amount enclosed, containing all the checks or drafts on each bank. The messengers take their places near the desks of their respective banks, with tabular statements of the amount sent to each bank and the aggregates. These are exhibited to the respective clerks and noted by them on blank forms. At a prescribed hour the manager of the clearing-house calls to order and gives the word for proceeding, when all the messengers move forward from left to right of the desks, handing in to them the packages addressed to their respective banks, and taking receipts for them on their statements. These clerks make a mutual exchange of all claims, and the balances, if any, are struck, each bank paying in cash the amount of such balance. This operation occupies about one hour, within which time all accounts are adjusted. The balances due to the several banks are paid into the clearinghouse within about another hour.

In

The extent of the system, the vast amount of money handled by it, and the enormous saving of time through its operations are clearly detailed in the report On March 11, 1901, the British govern- of the comptroller of the currency. ment notified the United States govern- 1900 there were eighty-four clearing-houses ment that it did not see its way clear to in the United States, and in the year endaccept the Senate amendment to the pend- ing Sept. 30 the aggregate of exchanges ing treaty; but soon afterwards Secretary was $84,546.685,444, a decrease in a year Hay resumed negotiations with a view of of $4,281,987,089. In New York City the compromising the point of objection. exchanges amounted to $51,964,588.572; Clearing Houses, institutions estab- in Boston, to $6.299,128,611; in Chicago, lished in the United States about 1853, to over $6,800,000,000; in Philadelphia, for the convenience and economy of bank- to over $4.600,000,000; and in St. Louis, ing institutions in large cities. The sys- Baltimore, and Pittsburg, to over $1,000,tem originated in London. By it the 000.000 each. banks of a city become. in certain opera- Cleaveland, MOSES, pioneer: born in tions, as an individual in work; for it Canterbury, Conn., Jan. 29, 1754; gradudispenses with the individual clerical la- ated at Yale College in 1777; admitbor of each bank associated, in the matter ted to the bar; made a brigadier-genof the exchange of checks and drafts and eral in 1796; and the same year was bills coming in from abroad. Formerly selected by a land company, of which he

was a shareholder, to survey the tract movement, young Clem brought his gun which had been purchased in northeastern up and fired, killing the colonel instantOhio. He set out with fifty emigrants

from Schenectady, N. Y.; reached the mouth of the Cuyahoga on July 22; and finding it a favorable site for a town decided to settle there. His employers called the place Cleaveland in his honor. When the first newspaper, the Cleveland Advertiser, was established, the head-line was found to be too long for the form, and the editor cut out the letter "a," which revision was accepted by the public. General Cleaveland died in Canterbury, Conn., Nov. 16, 1806.

Cleburne, PATRICK RONAYNE, military officer; born in County Cork, Ireland, March 17, 1828; came to the United States and settled at Helena, Ark., where he later practised law. When the Civil War broke out he entered the Confederate army; in March, 1861, planned the capture of the United States arsenal in Arkansas; in 1862 was promoted brigadier-general; took part in many important engagements in the war; and in recognition of his defence of Ringgold Gap received the thanks of the Confederate Congress. He originated the Order of the Southern Cross, and was known as the Stonewall of the West." He was killed in the battle of Franklin, Tenn., Nov. 30, 1864.

66

JOHN L. CLEM.

ly. He escaped; and for this exploit on the battle-field he was made a sergeant, put on duty at headquarters of the Army of the Cumberland, and placed on the Roll of Honor. In 1871 he was appointed a second lieutenant in the 24th United States Infantry; in 1874 was promoted to first lieutenant; in 1882 to captain and assistant quartermaster; and in 1895 to major and quartermaster. In 1875 he was graduated at the Artillery School. He was long familiarly known as Johnny Clem, the drummer-boy of Chickamauga," and since his connection with the army has made himself very popular among his immediate superiors, and won and held the esteem of the authorities in Washington.

Clem, JOHN L., military officer; born in Newark, O., in 1851. In May, 1861, he attempted to enlist as a drummer-boy in the 3d Ohio Volunteers, but was rejected on account of his size and age. Subsequently he accompanied the 22d Michigan Volunteers to the field, and in the summer of 1862 was regularly enlisted as a drummer in that regiment. He displayed a fearless spirit in the battle of Shiloh, where his drum was destroyed by a piece of shell. At the battle of Chickamauga he served as a marker, carried a musket instead of a drum, and especially distinguished himself. He had been in the Clemens, SAMUEL LANGHORNE (penthickest of the fight, and three bullets name, MARK TWAIN), author; born in had passed through his hat, when, sep- Florida, Mo., Nov. 20, 1835; educated arated from his companions, he was seen at Hannibal, Mo.; learned the printer's running, with a musket in his hand, by trade; served as a Mississippi River pilot; a mounted Confederate colonel, who call and became territorial secretary of Nevaed out, "Stop! you little Yankee devil!" da. He spent several years in mining and The boy halted and brought his musket newspaper work. In 1884 he established to an order, when the colonel rode up to the publishing house of C. L. Webster & make him a prisoner. With a swift Co., in New York. The failure of this

firm, after it had published General Grant's Personal Memoirs, and paid over $250,000 to his widow, involved Mr. Clemens in heavy losses; but by 1900 he had paid off all obligations by the proceeds of his books and lectures. He has travelled extensively in Europe, Australia,

SAMUEL LANGHORNE CLEMENS.

yer; The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn; The Prince and the Pauper; A Tramp Abroad; Life on the Mississippi; A Yankee at King Arthur's Court; Tom Sawyer Abroad; Pudd'nhead Wilson; Joan of Arc; More Tramps Abroad, etc.

Cleopatra's Needle. See GORRINGE,

HENRY HONEYCHURCH.

Cleveland, the most important port of Ohio, on Lake Erie, was named after Gen. Moses Cleaveland, director of the Connecticut Land Company, who arrived at the present site of Cleveland, July 22, 1796, and began the settlement at the mouth of Cuyahoga River. In 1800 the population was only 7; in 1810 it was 57; 1820, 150; 1830, 1,075; 1840, 6,071; 1850, 17,034. In 1854, Ohio City, on the opposite bank of the river, was united with Cleveland, and in 1860 the population of the united cities was 43,838; in 1870, 92,829; 1880, 159,404; 1890, 261,353; 1900, 381,768.

Cleveland, BENJAMIN, military officer; born in Prince William county, Va., May 26, 1738; removed to North Carolina in 1769; entered the American army in 1775; led a company in the campaign of Rutherford against the Cherokee Indians in 1776; greatly distinguished himself at KING'S MOUNTAIN (q. v.); and later settled in South Carolina, where he became a judge. He died in October, 1806.

CLEVELAND, GROVER

192,000, and entered office in January, 1883. His administration of affairs at Albany secured the presentation of his name to the Democratic National Convention in 1884. He was nominated; and elected, after a close and exciting struggle, over James G. Blaine, and was inaugurated March 4, 1885 (see CABINET,

Cleveland, GROVER, twenty second and twenty-fourth President of the United States, from 1885 to 1889, and from 1893 to 1897; Democrat; born in Caldwell, Essex co., N. J., March 18, 1837. After some experience as a clerk and some labor on the compilation of the American Herd Book, he became a bank clerk in Buffalo, and was admitted to the PRESIDENT'S). President Cleveland, in his bar in 1859. From 1863 to 1865 he was assistant district-attorney, and in 1870 he was elected sheriff of Erie county and served three years. Elected mayor of Buffalo in 1881, he attracted during the first few months of his term more than local notice, and was the Democratic candidate for governor of New York in 1882. One of the successful nominees in this "tidal-wave" Democratic year, Mr. Cleveland received the phenomenal majority of

famous message to Congress on the surplus and the tariff in December, 1887, forced the fighting on the revenue-reform issue. He was the candidate of his party in 1888, but was defeated by Benjamin Harrison, and retired in 1889. He settled in New York, and resumed the practice of law. In 1892 he received for the third time the Democratic nomination. In the election he received 277 electoral and 5.556.533 popular votes, while Harrison