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the functions and powers of judges and executives, but under proper regulations, which guaranteed all accused persons a fair trial. Dangerous men of every kind were arrested, tried, hanged, transported, or acquitted. The tribunal became a "terror to evil-doers." Late in 1856 the vigilance committee in San Francisco surrendered its powers to the regularly constituted civil authority. California did not furnish any troops during the Civil War, owing to its isolated position. The Central Pacific Railroad was completed May 12, 1869, thus connecting California with the Mississippi Valley and the Atlantic seaboard. Since then the progress of the State has been phenomenal.

STATE GOVERNORS.

Name.

Peter H. Burnett..
John McDougall..
John Bigler...

J. Neely Johnson.
John B. Weller..
Milton S. Latham.
John G. Downey.
Leland Stanford.
Frederick F. Low.
Henry H. Haight..
Newton Booth..
Romnaldo Pacheco.
William Irwin..
George C. Perkins.
George Stoneman.
Washington Bartlett.
Robert W. Waterman.
Henry H. Markbam..
J. H. Budd
Henry T Gage.

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Terin.

1849 to 1851

1851 66 1852

1852

1856

1856 1858 1858" 1860

1860

1860 to 1862 1862 ** 1863 1863" 1867 1867" 171 1871 1875

1875 1875 to 1880 1880 " 1883 1883" 1887

1887

1887 to 1891

1891 1895

1895 1899

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1899 1903

No. of Congress

Term.

1849 to 1851 1849 "6 1861 1851 64 1857 1857 66 1859 1859

31st to 36th 32d 34th 35th 36th

36th 36th to 37th 1860 to 1863 37th 39th 1861 * 1867 38th 40th 1863 " 1869 40th "42d 18671873 41st "43d 1869" 1873 43d 1874 43d to 45th 1873 to 1879 44th 46th 1875 1881 46th "48th 1879 1885 47th 49th 1881 ** 1887 49th 53d 1885 +6 1893 50th 51st 1887 64 1891 66 1891 1893

56th 1893 66 1899

52d

"53d

53d

53d

56th to

1893 66

1899

Callahan, JAMES MORTON, historian; in 1868. During his term of office he pre

born in Bedford, Ind., Nov. 4, 1864; was graduated at the University of Indiana in 1894; acting Professor of American History and Constitutional Law at Hamilton College in 1897-98; became lecturer on American Diplomatic History at the Johns Hopkins University in the latter year. His publications include Neutrality of the American Lakes; Cuba and International Relations, etc.

Callender, JAMES THOMPSON, editor and author; born in Scotland. He published in Edinburgh, in 1792, a book called Political Progress of Great Britain, which so offended the authorities that he was banished from the kingdom, and went to Philadelphia, where he published the Political Register in 1794-95, and the American Annual Register for 1796-97. He was a violent and unscrupulous opponent of Washington's administration, and delighted in abusing Hamilton and other Federalist leaders. For a season he enjoyed the friendship of Jefferson. The latter became disgusted with Callender, when the former, becoming Jefferson's enemy, calumniated him fearfully. He published the Richmond Recorder, in which he made fierce attacks upon the character of Washington and Adams. He died in Richmond, Va., in July, 1813.

sented the resolution on which the KuKLUX KLAN (q. v.) bill was passed. He died in Lancaster, Wis., Sept. 23, 1898.

Calumet, a kind of pipe for smoking used by the North American Indians. The bowl is generally of stone, and the stem is ornamented with feathers, etc. The calumet is the emblem of peace and hospitality. To refuse the offer of it is to make a proclamation of enmity or war, and to accept it is a sign of peace and friendship.

Calvert, the family name of the Lords Baltimore-George, Cecilius, Charles 1st, Benedict Leonard, Charles 2d, and Frederick. See BALTIMORE, LORDS.

Calvert, LEONARD, son of the first Lord Baltimore, and first governor of Maryland; born about 1606. Having been appointed governor of the new colony by his brother Cecil, he sailed from Cowes, Isle of Wight, for Chesapeake Bay, Nov. 22, 1633, with two vessels (Ark and Dove), and over 300 emigrants. The Ark was a ship of 300 tons, and the Dove a pinnace of 50 tons. Among the company were two Jesuit priests, Andrew White and John Altham. At religious ceremonies performed at the time of departure, the expedition was committed "to the protection of God especially, and of His most Holy Mother, and St. Ignatius, and all the guardian angels of Maryland." The two vessels were convoyed beyond danger from Turkish corsairs. Separated by a furious tempest that swept the sea three days, ending with a hurricane which split the sails of the Ark, unshipped her rudder, and left her at the mercy of the waves, the voyagers were in despair, and doubted not the little Dove had gone to the bottom of the ocean. Delightful weather ensued, and at Barbadoes the Dove joined the Ark after a separation of six weeks. Sailing northward, they touched at Point Comfort, at the entrance to the ChesaCallis, JOHN B., military officer; born peake, and then went up to Jamestown, in Fayetteville, N. C., Jan. 3, 1828; went with royal letters borne by Calvert, and to Wisconsin in 1840; entered the army received there a kind reception from Govas captain in the 7th Wisconsin Volun- ernor Harvey. They tarried nine days, teers when the Civil War broke out; and then entered the Potomac River, brevetted brigadier - general in March, which delighted them. The colonists 1864; sent to Huntsville, Ala., as assist- sailed up the river to the Heron Islands, ant commissioner of the Freedmen's Bu- and, at a little past the middle of March, reau; resigned and elected to Congress landed on one of them, which they named

Callender, JOHN, historian; born in Boston, Mass., in 1706; graduated at Harvard College in 1723; pastor of the First Baptist Church in Newport, R. I., in 1731-48. On March 24, 1738, he delivered a public address entitled An Historical Discourse on the Civil and Religious Affairs of the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, from the First Settlement to the end of the First Century. For more than 100 years this was the only history of Rhode Island. He also collected a number of papers treating of the history of the Baptists in America. He died in Newport, R. I., Jan. 26, 1748.

St. Clement's. On the 25th they offered French ambassador to the United States the sacrifice of the mass, set up a huge in 1898. After the destruction of the Spancross hewn from a tree, and knelt in sol- ish fleets in Manila Bay and off Santiago, emn devotion around it. Going farther the surrender of the Spanish army at the up, they entered a river which they called city of Santiago, and the failure of the St. George; and on the right bank found- Spanish government to secure the intered the capital of the new province with vention of the European powers, the Spanmilitary and religious ceremonies, and called it St. Mary's. That scene occurred March 27, 1634. It remained the capital of Maryland until near the close of the century, when it speedily became a ruined town, and now scarcely a trace of it remains. They found the natives friendly, and awed into reverence for the white men by the flash and roar of cannon, which they regarded as lightning and thunder. The successful medical services of Father White in curing a sick Indian king gained the profound respect of these children of the forest. He and his queen and three daughters were baptized by Father White, and became members of the Christian Church. William Claiborne, an carlier settler on Kent Island, in the Chesapeake, gave Calvert much trouble, and was abetted in his course by the Virginia authorities, who regarded the Maryland colonists as intruders. He was driven away, and his property was confiscated. But he was a " thorn in the side" of the proprietor for a long time. Governor Calvert tried to carry out the grand design of the proprietor to establish a feudal nobility with hereditary titles and privileges, the domain for the purpose being divided into manorial estates of 2,000 and 3,000 acres each, but the provisions of the charter fortunately prevented such a consummation of Lord Baltimore's order. Governor Calvert went to England in 1643, and during his absence for nearly a year much trouble ensued in the colony, for Claiborne, with Capt. Richard Ingle, harassed the settlement at St. Mary's. Civil war ensued (1645), and Governor Calvert was expelled from Maryland, and took refuge in Virginia. Finally, Calvert returned from Virginia with a military force, took possession of Kent Island, and re-established proprietary rights over all the province of Maryland. He died June 9, 1647. See BALTIMORE, LORDS.

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Cambon, JULES MARTIN, diplomatist; born in Paris, France, April 5, 1845;

JULES MARTIN CAMBON.

ish authorities undertook direct negotiations for peace. As diplomatic relations with the United States had been broken off, M. Cambon was appointed the special representative of the Spanish government to arrange for a cessation of hostilities as well as the preliminaries of peace. He executed this mission in a manner that won the appreciation of both governments concerned, and after the ratification of peace he was selected by the two governments to make the formal exchange of certified copies of the act.

Cambridge, city, and one of the county seats of Middlesex county, Mass., separated from Boston by the Charles River; was founded in 1631 under the name of Newtown; and is noted as the place where Washington took command of the Continental army on July 2, 1775; as the seat of HARVARD UNIVERSITY (q. v.); and as the place where the sons of Alvan Clark carry on the manufacture of astronomical instruments which have a world-wide reputation. In 1900 the city had a total assessed valuation of taxable property of $94,467,930, and the net city and water

debt was $6,226,182. The population in together with the Westminster Confession 1890 was 70,028; in 1900, 91,886.

The second Synod of Massachusetts met at Cambridge in 1646, and was not dissolved until 1648. The synod composed and adopted a system of church discipline called "The Cambridge Platform," and recommended it, together with the Westminster Confession of Faith, to the general court and to the churches. The latter, in New England, generally complied with the recommendation, and "The Cambridge Platform," with the ecclesiastical laws, formed the theological constitution of the New England colonies.

The seeming apathy of Congress in respect to the army besieging Boston greatly perplexed Washington. The cool season was approaching, and not only powder and artillery were wanting, but fuel, shelter, clothing, provisions, and the wages of the soldiers. Washington, wearied by ineffectual remonstrances, at length wrote a letter to Congress, implying his sense that the neglect of that body had brought matters in his army to a crisis. He submitted to their consideration the wants of the army, a mutinous spirit prevailing among them, and the danger that, when the terms of enlistment of all the troops excepting the regulars should expire in December, it would be difficult to re-enlist them or get new recruits. Congress had really no power to provide an adequate remedy for this state of things; therefore it appointed a committee (Sept. 30, 1775), consisting of Dr. Franklin, Lynch, and Harrison, to repair to the camp, and, with the New England colonies and Washington, devise a plan for renovating the army. They arrived at Cambridge, Oct. 15. With such a representative of Congress as Franklin and such a military leader as Washington, the New England commissioners worked harmoniously; and they devised a scheme for forming, governing, and supplying a new army of about 23,000 men, whom the general was authorized to enlist without delay. See ARMY; WASHINGTON, George.

of Faith, to the general court and to the churches. The latter, in New England, generally complied with the recommendation, and "The Cambridge Platform," with the ecclesiastical laws, formed the theological constitution of the New England colonies.

Camden, a village in South Carolina, where, on Aug. 16, 1780, about 3,600 Americans, under General Gates, were defeated by from 2,000 to 2,500 British, under Lord Cornwallis, losing 700 men, among them Baron de Kalb mortally wounded, nearly all their luggage and artillery.

Cameron, HENRY CLAY, educator; born in Shepherdstown, Va., Sept. 1, 1827; graduated at Princeton College in 1847; in 1855 became Professor of Greek at Princeton. His publications include The History of the American Whig Society; Old Princeton: Its Battle, Its Cannon, etc.

Cameron, SIMON, statesman; born in Lancaster county, Pa., March 18, 1799; elected to the United States Senate in 1845; resigned from the Senate to become Secretary of War in 1861; resigned this office Jan. 11, 1862, to become minister to Russia; re-elected to the United States Senate in 1866, and again re-elected in 1873, but resigned in favor of his son. He practically dictated the policy of the Republican party in Pennsylvania for many years. He died June 26, 1889.

Campbell, ALEXANDER, clergyman; born in County Antrim, Ireland, in June, 1786; educated at the University of Glasgow; came to the United States in 1809; and became pastor of a Presbyterian church in Washington county, Pa. In 1810 with his father he left the Presbyterian Church and founded in 1827 the sect which he named THE DISCIPLES OF CHRIST (q. v.), and which is now known as the Campbellites. Mr. Campbell estab lished Bethany College in 1840-41, and was its first president. He died in Bethany, W. Va., March 4, 1866.

Campbell, ALEXANDER, legislator; born in Concord, Pa., Oct. 4, 1814; member of the State legislature in 1858-59; and member of Congress in 1875-77. He obtained wide repute as the "Father of the Greenbacks.” He died in La Salle, Ill., Aug. 9, 1898.

Cambridge Platform. The second Synod of Massachusetts met at Cambridge in 1646, and was not dissolved until 1648. The synod composed and adopted a system Campbell, SIR ARCHIBALD, military ofof church discipline called "The Cam- ficer; born in Inverary, Scotland, in 1739; bridge Platform," and recommended it, entered the British army in 1758; became

a lieutenant-colonel in 1775; with a part of his command was captured in Boston Harbor early in the Revolutionary War, and was cruelly treated in retaliation for treatment of American officers captured by the British. On Dec. 29, 1778, he captured Savannah, Ga., and gave orders to his officers to show leniency to the people. On Jan. 29, 1779, he took Augusta, but on Feb. 13, he was forced to evacuate that city. He died in London, England, March 31, 1791.

Campbell, CHARLES, historian; born in Petersburg, Va., May 1, 1807; graduated at Princeton College in 1825, and became a teacher. He was a member of the Virginia Historical Society, and a contributor to the Historical Register. He edited the Orderly Book of Gen. Andrew Lewis in 1776, and published An Introduction to the History of the Colony and Ancient Dominion of Virginia; Genealogy of the Spotswood Family. He died in Staunton, Va., July 11, 1876.

Campbell, CHARLES THOMAS, military officer; born in Franklin county, Pa., Aug. 10, 1823; was educated at Marshall College; served in the war with Mexico; promoted captain in August, 1847. When the Civil War broke out he entered the army, and in December, 1861, was commissioned colonel of the 57th Pennsylvania Infantry. Later he and his regiment were captured, but they escaped and brought into the Union lines more than 200 Confederate captives. On March 13, 1863, he was promoted brigadier-general.

Campbell, CLEVELAND J., military officer: born in New York City in July, 1836; graduated at the University of Göttingen; enlisted in the 44th New York Regiment early in the Civil War; and was brevetted brigadier-general of volunteers March 13, 1865. During the engage ment of Petersburg he was colonel of the 23d Regiment of colored troops, and while leading his command into the thickest of this fight the famous mine exploded, killing and wounding nearly 400 of his troops. He also received injuries which caused his death in Castleton, N. Y., June 13, 1865.

Campbell, DONALD, military officer; born in Scotland about 1735; entered the British army, and on Jan. 4, 1756, became a lieutenant in the Royal AmeriRegiment; promoted captain of the

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same, Aug. 29, 1759; was acting commandant of Fort Detroit when that place was besieged by Pontiac. At the request of the latter he consented to confer with him. Though he was several times warned of treachery, he would not remain in the fort. After addressing the savages he was taken captive by them and tortured to death, in 1763.

Campbell, JOHN, author; born in Edirburgh, Scotland, March 8, 1708; began his literary career early in life. His publications relating to the United States include Concise History of Spanish America; Voyages and Travels from Columbus to Anson; and Trade of Great Britain to America. He died Dec. 28, 1775.

Campbell, JOHN, military officer; born in Strachur, Scotland; joined the British army in 1745; later came to America and while participating in the attack on Fort Ticonderoga in 1758 was wounded; promoted lieutenant-general in 1787.

When the Revolutionary War broke out he was lieutenant-colonel of the 37th Foot, and commanded the British forces in west Florida until compelled to surrender Pensacola to the Spanish, May 10, 1781. He died in 1806.

Campbell, LEWIS DAVIS, diplomatist; born in Franklin, O., Aug. 9, 1811; engaged in journalism for several years; then practised law in Hamilton; Whig representative to Congress in 1849-58; colonel of an Ohio infantry regiment in 1861-62; appointed minister to Mexico in December, 1865. In the latter service he was empowered to assure President Juarez of the moral support of the United States, and to offer him the aid of the United States military forces in restoring order. He returned to the United States in 1868, and again held a seat in Congress in 1871-73. He died Nov. 26, 1882.

Campbell, RICHARD, military officer; born in Virginia; was made a captain in 1776; served with Gibson in Pittsburg, and with McIntosh against the Ohio Indians in 1778; promoted lieutenantcolonel; and while leading the charge at Eutaw Springs which forced the British to retreat received a wound from which he died Sept. 8, 1781. A few hours after the battle, on hearing that the British were defeated, he exclaimed, "I die contented."

Campbell's Station, a village in Knox

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