Campbell, WILLIAM, LORD, royal governor; younger brother of the fifth Duke of Argyll; became a captain in the British navy in August, 1762; was in Parliament in 1764; governor of Nova Scotia 1766-73: and was appointed governor of South Carolina, where he had acquired large possessions by his marriage to an American lady, in 1774. He arrived at Charleston in July, 1775; was received with courtesy; and soon summoned meeting of the Assembly. They came, declined to do business, and adjourned on their own authority. The Committee of Safety proceeded in their preparations for resistance without regard to the presence of the governor. Lord Campbell professed great love for the people. His sincerity was suspected, and the hollow ness of his professions was soon proved. TUCKY.

CANADA

at Quebec, and from it Jesuit and other The easy conquest of Louisburg revived missions spread over the Lake regions. a hope that Canada might be conquered. Then came the civil power of France to Governor Shirley proposed to the minislay the foundations of an empire, fighting ters to have the task performed by a one nation of Indians and making allies of colonial army alone. They would not comanother, and establishing a feudal system ply, for the colonists, thus perceiving their of government, the great land-holders own strength, might claim Canada by being called seigneurs, who were compelled right of conquest, and become too indeto cede the lands granted to them, when pendent; so they authorized an expedidemanded by settlers, on fixed conditions. tion for the purpose after the old plan They were not absolute proprietors of the of attacking that province by land and soil, but had certain valuable privileges, sea. An English fleet was prepared to coupled with prescribed duties, such as go against Quebec; a land force, combuilding mills, etc. David Kertk, or Kirk, posed of troops from Connecticut, New a Huguenot refugee, received a royal com- York, and colonies farther south, gathermission from King Charles I. to seize the ed at Albany, to march against Montreal. French forts in ACADIA (q. v.), and on Governor Clinton assumed the chief the river St. Lawrence. With a dozen command of the land expedition. His ships he overcame the small French force unpopularity thwarted his plans. The at Port Royal, and took possession of corporation of Albany refused to furnish Acadia in 1629. Later in the summer quarters for his troops, and his drafts he entered the St. Lawrence, burned the on the British treasury could not purchase hamlet of Tadousac, at the mouth of the provisions. Meanwhile, Massachusetts Saguenay, and sent a summons for the and Rhode Island had raised nearly 4,000 surrender of Quebec. It was refused, and troops, and were waiting for an English Kirk resolved to starve out the garrison. squadron. Instead of a British armaHe cruised in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, ment, a French fleet of forty war vessels, and captured the transports conveying with 3.000 veteran troops, was coming winter provisions for Quebec. The suffer over the sea. New England was greatly ings there were intense, but they endured alarmed. It was D'Anville's armament, them until August the next year, when, and it was dispersed by storms. Ten English ships-of-war, under a brother of thousand troops gathered at Boston for its Admiral Kirk, appearing before Quebec, defence; the fort on Castle Island was instead of the expected supply-ships, the made very strong, and the land expediplace was surrendered, and the inhabi- tion against Montreal was abandoned. tants, not more than 100 in all, were saved from starvation. By a treaty, Canada was restored to the French in 1632.

When Quebec fell, in the autumn of 1759, the French held Montreal, and were not dismayed. In the spring of 1760, Vaudreuil, the governor-general of Canada, sent M. Levi, the successor of Montcalm, to recover Quebec. He descended the St. Lawrence with six frigates and a powerful land force. The English, under General Murray, marched out of Quebec, and met him at Sillery, 3 miles above the city; and there was fought (April 4) one of the most sanguinary battles of the war. Murray was defeated. He lost about 1,000 men, and all his artillery, but succeeded in retreating to the city with the remainder of his army. Levi laid siege to Quebec, and Murray's condition was becoming critical, when an English squadron appeared (May 9) with

In the early history of the colony, the governors, in connection with the intendant, held the military and civil administration in their hands. Jesuit and other priests became conspicuous in the public service. Finally, when a bishop was appointed for Quebec, violent dissensions occurred between the civil and ecclesiastical authorities. Until the treaty of Utrecht (1713), Canada included all of present British America, and more. At that time Hudson Bay and vicinity was restored to England by Louis XIV. Newfoundland and Acadia (Nova Scotia) were ceded to the English, and all right to the Iroquois country (New York) was renounced, reserving to France only the valleys of the reinforcements and provisions. SupposSt. Lawrence and the Mississippi. ing it to be the whole British fleet, Levi

French

clergy.

the people of New York and New England. This proclamation neutralized the effects of the address of Congress to the Canadians. The Quebec Act had soothed the nobility and Roman Catholic The English residents were offended by it, and these, with the Canadian peasantry, were disposed to take sides with the Americans. They denied the right of the French nobility, as magistrates, or the seigneurs, to command their military services. They welcomed invasion, but had not the courage to join the invaders. At the same time, the French peasantry did not obey the order of the Roman Catholic bishop, which was sent to the several parishes, and read by the local clergy, to come out in defence of the British government. It was known that the bishop was a stipendiary of the crown.

raised the siege (May 10), and fled to Montreal, after losing most of his shipping. Now came the final struggle. Three armies were soon in motion towards Montreal, where Vaudreuil had gathered all his forces. Amherst, with 10,000 English and provincial troops, and 1,000 Indians of the Six Nations, led by Johnson, embarked at Oswego, went down Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence to Montreal, where he met Murray (Sept. 6), who had come up from Quebec with 4,000 men. The next day, Colonel Haviland arrived with 3,000 troops from Crown Point, having taken possession of Isle aux Noix on the way. Resistance to such a crushing force would have been in vain, and, on Sept. 8, 1760, Vaudreuil signed a capitulation surrendering Montreal and all French posts in Canada and on the border of the Lakes to the English. General Gage There was a decided war spirit visible was made military governor of Montreal, in the second Continental Congress, yet and General Murray, with 4,000 men, gar- it was cautious and prudent. Immediaterisoned Quebec. The conquest of Canada ly after the seizure of Ticonderoga and was now completed, and by the Treaty Crown Point (May 10-12, 1775), the Con

gress was urged to authorize the invasion and seizure of Canada. That body hoped to gain a greater victory by making the Canadians their friends and allies. To this end they sent a loving address to them, and resolved, on June 1, "that no expedition or incursion ought to

of Paris in 1763, a greater portion of the French dominions in America fell into the possession of the British crown. When news of the surrender of TICON- be undertaken or made by any colony DEROGA (q. v.) reached Governor Carleton, of Canada, he issued a proclamation (June 9, 1775) in which he declared the captors to be a band of rebellious traitors; established martial law; summoned the French peasantry to serve under the old colonial nobility; and instigated the Indian tribes to take up the hatchet against

or body of colonists against or into Canada." The Provincial Congress of New York had expressly disclaimed any intention to make war on Canada. But Gage's proclamation (June 10) that all Americans in arms were rebels and traitors, and especially the battle of Bunker (Breed's) Hill, made a radical change in the feel

ings of the people and in Congress.

It Chambly, 12 miles from St. Johns, on

The

was also ascertained that Governor Carle- the Sorel (Nov. 3), and, on the same ton had received a commission to muster day, the fort at the latter, which Montand arm the people of the province, and gomery had besieged for some time, cut off to march them into any province in from supplies, also surrendered. Montreal America to arrest and put to death, or fell before the patriots on the 13th, and spare, rebels" and other offenders. Montgomery, leaving a garrison at both Here was a menace that could not go un- places, prepared to move on Quebec. heeded. Cols. Ethan Allen, Benedict Ar- Meanwhile Colonel Arnold had led an exnold, and others renewed their efforts to pedition by way of the Kennebec and induce the Congress to send an expedi- Chaudière rivers, through a terrible tion into Canada. The latter perceived wilderness, to the banks of the St. Lawthe importance of securing Canada either rence (Nov. 9) opposite Quebec. He by alliance or by conquest. At length the crossed the river, ascended to the Plains Congress prepared for an invasion of Can- of Abraham (Nov. 13), and, at the head ada. Maj. Gen. Philip Schuyler had been of only 750 half-naked men-with not appointed to the command of the North- more than 400 muskets - demanded the ern Department, which included the whole surrender of the city. Intelligence of an province of New York. Gen. Richard intended sortie caused Arnold to move Montgomery was his chief lieutenant. 20 miles farther up the river, where he The regiments raised by the province of was soon joined by Montgomery. New York were put in motion, and General Wooster, with Connecticut troops, who were stationed at Harlem, was ordered to Albany. The New Yorkers were joined by "Green Mountain Boys." Schuyler sent into Canada an address to the inhabitants, in the French language, informing them that "the only views of Congress were to restore to them those rights which every subject of the British empire, of whatever religious sentiments he may be, is entitled to "; and that, in the execution of these trusts, he had received the most positive orders to "cherish every Canadian, and every friend to the cause of liberty, and sacredly to guard their property." It was now too late. Had the Congress listened to Allen and Arnold at the middle of May, and moved upon Canada, its conquest would have been easy, for there were very few troops there. When, near the close of August, expedition against Canada, under Schuyler, was ready to move, preparations had been made to thwart it. The clergy and seigneurs of Canada, satisfied with and disgusted by the lack of preparation the Quebec Act, were disposed to stand by the British government. The invading army first occupied Isle aux Noix, in the Sorel River; but the expedition made little advance beyond until November. Colonel Allen had attempted to take Montreal, without orders, and was made a prisoner and sent to England. A detach ment of Schuyler's army captured Fort

an

combined forces returned to Quebec, and began a siege. At the close of the year (1775), in an attempt to take the city by storm, the invaders were repulsed, and Montgomery was killed. Arnold took the command, and was relieved by General Wooster, in April (1776). A month later, General Thomas took command, and, hearing of the approach of a large armament, land and naval, to Quebec, he retreated up the river. Driven from one post to another, the Americans were finally expelled from Canada, the wretched remnant of the army, reduced by disease, arriving at Crown Point in June, 1776.

The American Board of War, General Gates president, arranged a plan, late in 1777, for a winter campaign against Canada, and appointed Lafayette to the command. The Marquis was cordially received at Albany by General Schuyler, then out of the military service. General Conway, who had been appointed inspector-general of the army, was there before him. Lafayette was utterly disappointed

and the delusive statements of Gates. "I do not believe," he wrote to Washington, "I can find 1,200 men fit for duty —and the quarter part of these are naked-even for a summer campaign." The Marquis soon found the whole affair to be only a trick of Gates to detach him from Washington. General Schuyler had, in a long letter to Congress (Nov. 4,

1777), recommended a winter campaign -Lower Canada, with a population of against Canada, but it was passed unnoticed by the Congress, and Gates appropriated the thoughts as his own in forming the plan, on paper, which he never meant to carry out.

300,000, mostly of French origin, and Upper Canada, with a population of 100,000, composed largely of American loyalists and their descendants. The regular military force in both provinces did not Another campaign for liberating Can- exceed 2,000 men, scattered over a space ada from British rule was conceived late of 1,200 miles from Quebec to the foot

in 1778. From Boston, D'Estaing, in the of Lake Superior. Sir George Prevost was name of Louis XVI., had summoned the then governor-general, with his residence Canadians to throw off British rule. at Montreal. To enter the province from Lafayette exhorted (December) the bar- the States, a water-barrier had to be barians of Canada to look upon the Eng- crossed, while the American frontier was lish as their enemies. The Congress be- destitute of roads, infected with summer came inflamed with zeal for the projected fevers, and sparsely settled. William Hull, measure, formed a plan, without consult- a soldier of the Revolution, then governor ing a single military officer, for the of Michigan Territory, was consulted about emancipation of Canada," in co-opera- an invasion of Canada, while on a visit tion with an army from France. One at Washington. He insisted that before American detachment from Pittsburg was such an enterprise should be undertaken to capture Detroit; another from Wyoming a naval control of Lake Erie should be acwas to seize Niagara; a third from the quired, and not less than 3,000 troops Mohawk Valley was to capture Oswego; a should be provided for the invasion. He fourth from New England was to enter accepted the commission of brigadier-genMontreal by way of the St. Francis; a eral with the special object in view of profifth to guard the approaches from Que- tecting his territory from the Indian albec; while to France was assigned the task lies of the British, yet, by orders of the of reducing Halifax and Quebec. Lafay- government, he prepared to invade Canaette offered to use his influence at the da. Governor Meigs, of Ohio, called for French Court in furtherance of this grand troops to assemble at Dayton, and volunscheme; but the cooler judgment and teers flocked thither in considerable numstrong common-sense of Washington inter- bers. There General Hull took command posed the objection that the part which of them (May 25, 1812), and they started the United States had to perform in the off in good spirits for their march through scheme was far beyond its resources. It the wilderness. It was a perilous and was abandoned, as was another scheme most fatiguing journey. On the broad mofor a like result, early in the year. rasses of the summit lands of Ohio, Hull received a despatch from the War Department urging him to press on speedily to Detroit, and there await further orders. When he reached the navigable waters of the Maumee, his beasts of burden were

The first important military movement after the declaration of war in 1812 was an attempt to conquer Canada by an invasion of its western border on the Detroit River. It then consisted of two provinces