from the east, with a force gathered on his way. These events, and other causes, impelled Hull to recross the river to Detroit with his army, and take shelter in the fort there (Aug. 8, 1812). The British congregated in force at Sandwich, and from that point opened a cannonade upon the fort at Detroit. On Sunday morning, a point below Detroit, and moved upon the fort. Very little effort was made to defend it, and, on that day, Hull surrendered the fort, army, and Territory of Michigan into the hands of the British. See DETROIT; HULL, WILLIAM. On Oct. 17, 1813, General Harrison, of the United States army, and Commodore Perry, commander of the fleet on Lake Erie, issued a proclamation, stating that, by the combined operations of the land and naval forces of the United States, British power had been destroyed within the upper districts of Canada, which was so worn down by fatigue that he despatched for Detroit, in a schooner, his own bag.gage and that of most of his officers; also all of his hospital stores, intrenching tools, and a trunk containing his most valuable military papers. The wives of three of his officers, with thirty soldiers to protect the schooner, also embarked in her. In a smaller vessel the invalids the 16th, the British crossed the river to of the army were conveyed. Both vessels arrived at the site of Toledo on the evening of July 1. The next day, when near Frenchtown (afterwards Monroe), Hull received a note from the postmaster at Cleveland announcing the declaration of war. It was the first intimation he had received of that important event. In fact, the British at Fort Malden (now Amherstburg) heard of the declaration before Hull did, and captured his schooner, with all its precious freight. The commander at Malden had been informed of it, by express, as early as June 30-two days before it reached Hull. The latter in quiet possession of United States pressed forward, and encamped near Detroit on July 5. The British were then casting up intrenchments at Sandwich on the opposite side of the Detroit River. There Hull awaited further orders from his government. His troops, impatient to invade Canada, had evinced a mutinous spirit, when he received orders to "commence operations immediately," and, if possible, take possession of Fort Malden. At dawn on the morning of July 12, the greater part of his troops had crossed At the opening of the third year of the the Detroit River, and were on Canadian second war for independence, a favorite soil. Hull issued a proclamation to the project with the United States governCanadians, assuring them of protection ment was the conquest of Canada. The in case they remained quiet. Many of the principal military forces in Upper Canada Canadian militia deserted the British were under Lieutenant-General Drumstandard. Hull advanced towards Mal- mond. When the Army of the North, den (July 13). After a successful en- commanded by Major-General Brown, counter with British and Indians he fell reached the Niagara frontier, Drummond's back to Sandwich, without attacking Mal- headquarters were at Burlington Heights, den. His troops were disappointed and at the western end of Lake Ontario. Genmutinous. Then information came of the eral Riall was on the Niagara River, at capture of MACKINAW (q. v.) by the Brit- Fort George and Queenston; but when ish. News also came that General Proc- he heard of the arrival of the Americans tor, of the British army, had arrived at at Buffalo, under General Scott, he adMalden with reinforcements. This was vanced to Chippewa and established a forfollowed by an intercepted despatch from tified camp. At the close of June, General the northwest announcing that 1.200 white Brown arrived at Buffalo, and assumed men and several hundred Indians were chief command, and, believing his army coming down to assist in the defence of to be strong enough, he proceeded to inCanada. General Brock was approaching vade Canada. His army consisted of two troops. They therefore proclaimed that the rights and privileges of the inhabi tants and the laws and customs of the country, which were in force before the arrival of the conquerors, should continue to prevail, and that all magistrates and other civil officers might resume their functions, after taking an oath of fidelity to the United States government so long as the troops should remain in possession of the country. brigades, commanded respectively by legislature. Antecedent political strug Generals Scott and Ripley, to each of gles had taken place, which culminated in which was attached a train of artillery, open insurrection in 1837-38. A movecommanded by Capt. N. Towson and Maj. ment for a separation of the Canadas from J. Hindman. He had also a small corps the crown of Great Britain, and their of cavalry, under Capt. S. D. Harris. political independence, was begun simulThese regulars were well disciplined and taneously in Upper and Lower Canada in in high spirits. There were also volun- 1837. In the former province, the most teers from Pennsylvania and New York, conspicuous leader was William Lyon Me100 of them mounted, and nearly 600 Sen- Kenzie, a Scotchman, a journalist of rare eca Indians-almost the entire military ability and a great political agitator; in force of the Six Nations remaining in the the lower province, the chief leader was United States. These had been stirred to Joseph Papineau, a large land-owner, and action by the venerable Red Jacket, the a very influential man among the French great Seneca orator. The volunteers and inhabitants. Both leaders were republiIndians were under the chief command of can in sentiment. The movements of the Gen. Peter B. Porter, then quartermaster- revolutionary party were well planned, general of the New York militia. Major but local jealousies prevented unity of McRee, of North Carolina, was chief-en- action, and the effort failed. It was esgineer, assisted by Maj. E. D. Wood. On teemed highly patriotic, and elicited the the Canada shore, nearly opposite Buffalo, warmest sympathy of the American peostood Fort Erie, then garrisoned by 170 ple, especially of those of the Northern men, under the command of Major Buck. States. Banded companies and individuals On July 1 Brown received orders to joined the " rebels," as they were called cross the Niagara, capture. Fort Erie, by the British government, and “patrimarch on Chippewa, menace Fort George, ots" by their friends; and so general beand, if he could have the co-operation of came the active sympathy on the northern Chauncey's fleet, to seize and fortify Bur- frontier, that peaceful relations between lington Heights. Accordingly, Brown ar- the United States and Great Britain were ranged for General Scott and his brigade endangered. President Van Buren issued to cross on boats and land' a mile below a proclamation, calling upon all persons the fort, while Ripley, with his brigade, engaged in the schemes of invasion of the should be landed a mile above it. This Canadian territory to abandon the design, accomplished, the boats were to return and warning them to beware of the penaland carry the remainder of the army, ties that must assuredly follow such inwith its ordnance and stores, to the Cana- fringement of international laws. da shore. The order for this movement In December, 1837, a party of sympawas given on July 2. It was prompt- thizing Americans took possession of ly obeyed by Scott, and tardily by Navy Island, belonging to Canada, in the Ripley, on the 3d. When Scott had pressed Niagara River, about 2 miles above the forward to invest the fort, he found Ripley falls. They mustered about 700 men, well had not crossed, and no time was lost in provisioned, and provided with twenty crossing the ordnance and selecting posi- pieces of cannon. They had a small steamtions for batteries. These preparations boat named the Caroline to ply between alarmed the garrison, and the fort, which the island and Schlosser, on the American was in a weak condition, was surrendered. side. On a dark night a party of CanaNearly 200 men, including officers, became dian royalists crossed the river, cut prisoners of war, and were sent across the Caroline loose from her moorings, the river. and set her on fire. She went down By an act of the Imperial Parlia- the current and over the great cataract ment, in 1791, Canada was divided into in full blaze. It is supposed some two provinces, Upper Canada and Lower Canada, and each had a parliament or legislature of its own. An imperial act was passed in 1840 to unite the two provinces under one administration and one persons were on board of her. Gen. Winfield Scott was finally sent to the northern frontier to preserve order, and was assisted by a proclamation by the governor of New York. Yet secret associa tions, known as "Hunters' Lodges," con- $266,274,539; revenue, $46,741,250; extinued quite active for some time. Against penditure, $41,903,501; mileage of railthe members of these lodges, President ways in operation, 17,250; capital of Tyler issued an admonitory proclamation, chartered banks, $63,674,085; assets, which prevented further aggressive move- $408,936,411; liabilities, $316,330,478; ments. For four years this ominous cloud and number of post-office savings-banks, hung upon our horizon. It disappeared 838, with depositors, 142,141, and total in 1842, when the leaders of the move- balances, $34,771,605. See ANGLO-AMERment were either dead or in exile. ICAN COMMISSION. 66 In 1841 Upper and Lower Canada were united for purposes of government, the system professedly modified after that of Great Britain. In 1857 Ottawa was selected as the permanent seat of govern ment for Canada, and costly public buildings were erected there. By act of the Imperial Parliament, which received the royal assent March 28, 1867, the provinces of Upper and Lower Canada, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia were connected and made one nation, under the general title of "The Dominion." Upper Canada was named Ontario," and Lower Canada " Quebec." Provision was made for the future admission of Prince Edward Island, the Hudson Bay Territory, British Columbia, and Newfoundland, with its dependency, Labrador. In the new government the executive authority is vested in the Queen, and her representative in the Dominion is the acting governor-general, who is advised and aided by a privy council of fourteen members, constituting the ministry, who must be sustained by a Parliamentary majority. There is a Parliament composed of two chambers, the Senate and the House of Commons. According to the census of 1891 the population of the Dominion, by provinces, was as follows: Canals. Gen. Philip Schuyler may justly be regarded as the father of the United States canal system. As early as 1761, when he was in England settling the accounts of Gen. John Bradstreet with the government, he visited the famous canal which the Duke of Bridgewater had just completed, and became profoundly impressed with the importance of such highways in the work of developing the internal resources of his own country. On his return, he urged the matter upon the attention of his countrymen. Meanwhile the active mind of ELKANAH WATSON (q. v.) had been deeply interested in the subject. In 1785 he visited Mount Vernon, where he found Washington engaged in a project for connecting the waters of the Potomac with those west of the Alleghany Mountains. He and General Schuyler projected canals between the Hudson River and lakes Champlain and Ontario, and in 1792 the legislature of New York chartered two companies, known, respectively, as the "Western Inland Lock Navigation Company" and "Northern Inland Lock Navigation Company," of both of which Schuyler was made president, and, at his death, in 1804, he was actively engaged in the promotion of both projects. The Western canal was never completed, according to its original conception, but was supplemented by the great Erie Canal, suggested by Gouverneur Morris about 1801. In a letter to David Parish, of Philadelphia, that year, he distinctly foreshadowed that great work. As early as 1774 Washington favored the passage of a law by the legislature of Virginia for the construetion of works-canals and good wagonroads-by which the Potomac and Ohio rivers might be connected by a chain of commerce. After the Revolution, the States of Virginia and Maryland took measures which resulted in the formation of the famous Potomac Company, to carry out Washington's project. In 1784 Washington revived a project for making a canal through the Dismal Swamp, not only for drainage, but for navigation between the Elizabeth River and Albemarle Sound. The oldest work of the kind in the United States is a canal, begun in 1792, 5 miles in extent, for passing the falls of the Connecticut River at South Hadley. The earliest completed and most important of the great canals of our country is the Erie, connecting the waters of Lake Erie with those of the Hudson River. A committee appointed by Congress during Jefferson's administration reported in favor of this canal, and a survey was directed to be made. Commissioners were appointed in 1810, who reported to Congress in March, 1811. In consequence of the War of 1812, the project languished until 1817. In that year ground was broken for the Erie Canal on July 4, under the authority of New York State, and on Oct. 26, 1825, the canal was completed. It was built by the State of New York at an original cost of $9,000,000, from the operation of which untold wealth has been derived by the city and State of New York. It was completed and formally opened by Governor De Witt Clinton, its great advocate, in 1825, and has been enlarged at great expense since. The canal changed the whole aspect of commercial affairs in the Lake region. The total area of these five great inland seas is about 90,000 square miles, and their inlets drain a region of 336,000 square miles. Of the various canals that have been constructed in the United States, the following are the only ones in commercial operation in 1901, many former ones having been abandoned within recent years because of the demands of commerce for quicker transportation. An interesting feature of recent canal construction and improvement is the adaptation of these waterways to vessels of large tonnage, using steam or other swift motive power. The old-fashioned canal, accommodating small boats drawn by mules or horses, has given way to the ship-canal, through which a war-ship can safely speed. Illinois and Mississippi.. Lehigh Coal and Navigation Co. Louisville and Portland. Miami and Erie... Morris. Muscle Shoals and Elk River Shoals. Newbern and Beaufort. Ogee hee.. Ohio.. Oswego.. Pennsylvania. 11,290,827 1850 184 Cost. Com- Length pleted in miles. LOCATION. $1,641,363 1860 44 1,500,000 1847 3,581,934 1849 Norfolk, Va., to Currituck Sound, N. C. 9 35 Savannah River, Ga., to Augusta, Ga. 2,232.632 1859 4,044.000 1822 25 81 3,730,30 1829 14 Chesapeake City, Md., to Delaware City, Del. Montezuma, N. Y., to Cayuga and Seneca Lakes, N. Y. Cumberland, Md., to Washington, D. C. Around lower rapids of Rock River, Ill. Connects with Mississippi River. At Falls of Ohio River, Louisville, Ky. Cincinnati, O., to Toledo, O. Easton, Pa., to Jersey City, N. J. Big Muscle Shoals, Tenn., to Elk River Shoals, Tenn. Clubfoot Creek to Harlow Creek, N C. Savannah River, Ga., to Ogeechee River, Ga. Cleveland, O., to Portsmouth, O. Oswego, N. Y., to Syracuse, N. Y. Columbia, Northumberland, Wilkesbarre, Huntingdon, Pa. 7,781,750 1839 193 Chicago Drainage Canal, a canal intended chiefly for carrying off the sewage of Chicago, but which may be used for commercial purposes; begun in September, 1892; completed in January, 1900. The main channel is 29 miles long, extending from Chicago to Locksport on the Illinois River, into which stream it discharges. About 9 miles of the channel is cut through solid rock, with a minimum depth of 22 feet and a width of 160 feet on the bottom in rock, which makes it the largest artificial channel in the world. The length of the waterway from the mouth of the Chicago River to its terminus south of Joliet is about 42 miles. The cost of the canal was estimated at about $45,000,000. Canby, EDWARD RICHARD SPRIGG, military officer; born in Kentucky in 1819; graduated at West Point in 1839; served in the SEMINOLE WAR (q. v.) and the war with Mexico. He was twice brevetted for eminent services in the latter EDWARD R. S. CANBY. war. He was promoted to major in 1855, and colonel in 1861. In 1861 he was in command in New Mexico until late in 1862, and in March of that year was made brigadier-general of volunteers. He was promoted to major-general of volunteers in May, 1864, and took command of the Department of West Mississippi. He captured Mobile, April 12, 1865, and afterwards received the surrender of the Confederate armies of Generals Taylor and E. Kirby Smith. On July 28, 1866, he was commissioned a brigadier-general in the regular army, and in 1869 took command of the Department of the Columbia, on the Pacific coast. He devoted himself to the settlement of difficulties with the MODOC INDIANS (q. v.), and, while so doing, was treacherously murdered by Captain Jack, their leader, in northern California, April 11, 1873. Cancer, LUIS, missionary; born in Saragossa, Spain; became a member of the Dominican Order. With two companions and Magdalena, a converted Indian woman, whom he had brought from Havana as an interpreter, landed in Florida in 1549. By presents and an explanation of his purpose through his interpreter he gained the friendship of the Indians. After a few days he visited another part of the coast, leaving his companions behind. When he returned, a canoe containing a survivor of De Soto's expedition approached and warned Father Cancer that his companions had been killed. He declined to believe this and rowed alone to the shore. Magdalena, his interpreter, told him that his two companions were in the tent of the chief, whereupon he followed her and was almost immediately surrounded by the Indians and put to death. Cannon, in the United States, were cast at Lynn, Mass., by Henry Leonard, in 1647, and at Orr's foundry, Bridgewater, 1648. In 1735 the Hope Furnace was established in Rhode Island, where six heavy cannon, ordered by the State, were cast in 1775. The heaviest guns used at this time were 18-pounders. William Denning makes wrought-iron cannon of staves bound together with wrought-iron bands, and boxed and breeched, 1790. Colonel Bomford, of the United States ordnance department, invents a cannon called the columbiad, a long - chambered piece for projecting solid shot and shell with a heavy charge of powder, 1812. West Point foundry established under special patronage of the government, 1817. First contract of Gouverneur Kemble, president, for the West Point Foundry Association, for thirty-two 42 - pounders, long guns, July 11, 1820. First gun rifled in America at the |