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South Boston Iron Company's foundry, the establishment of a plant for gun1834.

Cyrus Alger patents and makes the first malleable iron guns cast and converted in an oven, 1836.

Earliest piece of heavy ordnance cast at the South Boston foundry, a 10-in. columbiad, under the supervision of Colonel Bomford; weight, 14,500 lbs.; shot, 130 lbs.; shell, 90 lbs.; charge of powder, 18 lbs., Sept. 6, 1839.

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Character of "gun iron" definitely fixed by the metallo-dynamoter," a testing machine invented by Major Wade,

1840.

First 12-in. columbiad; weight, 25,510 lbs.; extreme range, 5,761 yds.; weight of shell, 172 lbs.; charge of powder, 20 lbs.; cast at the South Boston foundry, July 8, 1846.

Dahlgren gun, of iron, cast solid and cooled from the exterior, very thick at breech and diminishing to muzzle; first cast, May, 1850.

Rodman gun, a columbiad model, smoothbore, made by the Rodman process of hollow casting, cooled from the interior; adopted by the United States for all sea-coast cannon, 1860.

First 10-lb. Parrot gun, of iron, cast hollow, cooled from the inside and strengthened by an exterior tube made of wrought-iron bars spirally coiled and shrunk on; made at the West Point foundry, 1860.

15-in. Rodman gun, weighing 49,000 lbs., cast by the South Boston Iron Company, 1860.

Parrott gun first put to test of active warfare in the battle of Bull Run, July 21, 1861.

Gatling rapid-firing gun, from five to ten barrels around one common axis; tenbarrel Gatling discharges 1,200 shots a minute; range, 3,000 yds.; invented in 1861.

S. B. Dean, of South Boston Iron Company. patents a process of rough boring bronze guns and forcibly expanding the bore to its finished size by means of mandrels, 1869.

making at the Watervliet arsenal, West Troy, 1889.

Manufacture of heavy ordnance begun at the Washington navy-yard, 1890.

Hotchkiss gun, English make, five barrels, revolving around a common axis, placed upon block weighing about 386 tons, fires thirty rounds a minute; adopted by the United States in 1891.

Automatic rapid firing gun, invented by John and Matthew Browning, of Ogden, Utah; firing 400 shots in one minute and forty-nine seconds; adopted by the United States in 1896.

Zalinski's dynamite gun, calibre 15 ins.; throws 500 lbs. of explosive gelatine 2,100 yds.; also discharges smaller shells. Three of the guns of this class were used with tremendous effect by the United States dynamite cruiser Vesurius at the bombardment of Santiago de Cuba in 1898, and larger ones have been installed at Fort Warren, Boston; Fort Schuyler, N. Y.; Fort Hancock, N. J., and at San Francisco.

Graydon dynamite gun, calibre 15 ins.; using 3.000 lbs. of compressed air to the square inch; throws 600 lbs. of dynamite 3 miles.

Armstrong gun, calibre 6 ins.; weight of shot, 69.7 lbs.; of powder, 34 lbs.; pressure per square inch, 31,000 lbs.

Hurst, double charge gun, same principles apply as in the Armstrong and Haskell guns.

Brown wire-wound gun, made in segments; kind authorized by Congress, 37% ft. long: weight, 30,000 lbs.

Maxim Nordenfeldt quick-firing gun; lowest weight, 25 lbs.: maximum firing ability, 650 rounds a minute.

Cannon, GEORGE Q., Mormon leader; born in Liverpool, England, Jan. 11, 1827; came to the United States in 1844; brought up in the Mormon faith; was driven out of Nauvoo, Ill., with the other Mormons in 1846, and settled in Utah in 1847. In 1857 he was chosen an apostle; in 187282 represented the Territory of Utah in Congress and during this period his right to a seat in that body was many times hotly contested. He became the object of public scorn and suffered much personal calumniation both in Congress and in the Congress makes an appropriation for press, but held his seat till absolutely

Pneumatic dynamite torpedo-gun built and mounted at Fort Lafayette (founded on invention of D. M. Mefford, of Ohio), 1885.

forced to retire. When Utah was seeking admission into the Union he was one of the chief promoters of the movement. He died in Monterey, Cal., April 12, 1901. Cannon, NEWTON, military officer; born in Guilford county, N. C., about 1781; received a common school education; was colonel of the Tennessee Mounted Rifles in 1813, and with this company commanded the left column in the engagement with the Creek Indians at Tallusahatchee on Nov. 3; was a representative in Congress in 1814-17 and in 1819-23; and governor of Tennessee in 1835–39. He died in Harpeth, Tenn., Sept. 29, 1842.

Cannon, WILLIAM, patriot; born in Bridgeville, Del., in 1809; was a member of the Peace Congress in 1861, and it was said that he was "the firm friend of the Crittenden Compromise and of an unbroken union." In 1864 he became governor of Delaware, and during his incumbency was opposed by the legislature. On one occasion when that body denounced a certain law of Congress he proclaimed that any United States officer found guilty by a State court for performing his duty to the government should receive his pardon. He advised the legislature in his message of 1864 to adopt measures for the liberation of slaves in Delaware. He died in Philadelphia, Pa., March 1, 1865.

Canonicus, Indian chief; king of the Narragansets: born about 1565. He was at first unwilling to be friendly with the Pilgrims at New Plymouth. To show his contempt and defiance of the English, he sent a message to Governor Bradford with a bundle of arrows in a rattlesnake's skin.

anger, but sent them back to Plymouth as tokens of peace. The chief and his associates honorably sued for the friendship of the white people. Canonicus became the firm friend of the English, especially of Roger Williams, who found a retreat in his dominions. Before Williams's arrival, there had been war between the Narragansets and Pequods, concerning the ownership of lands, in which a son of Canonicus was slain. In his grief the king burned his own house and all his goods in it. Roger Williams, who often experienced his kindness, spoke of Canonicus as "a wise and peaceable prince." He was uncle of MIANTONOMOH (q. v.), who succeeded him as sachem of the Narragansets in 1638. Canonicus died June 4, 1647.

Cantilever. See BRIDGES.

Cap, LIBERTY. See LIBERTY CAP. Cape Ann, original name of the present city of Gloucester, Mass., noted for more than 250 years for its extensive fishery interests. It was chosen as a place of settlement for a fishing colony by Rev. John White (a long time rector of Trinity Church, Dorchester, England) and several other influential persons. Through the exertions of Mr. White, a joint-stock association was formed, called the "Dorchester Adventurers," with a capital of about $14,000. Cape Anne was purchased, and fourteen persons, with live-stock, were sent out in 1623, who built a house and made preparations for curing fish. Affairs were not prosperous there. Roger Conant was chosen governor in 1625, but the Adventurers became discouraged and concluded on dissolving the colony. Through the encouragement of Mr. White, some of the colonists remained, but, not liking their seat, they went to Naumkeag, now Salem, where a permanent colony was settled. Population in 1890, 24,651; in 1900, 26,121.

That was at the dead of winter, 1622. It was a challenge to engage in war in the spring. Like the venomous serpent that wore the skin, the symbol of hostility gave warning before the blow should be struck-a virtue seldom exercised by the Indians. Bradford acted wisely. He accepted the challenge by sending the significant quiver back filled with gunpowder and shot. "What can these things be?" inquired the ignorant and curious savage mind, as the ammunition was carried from village to village, in superstitious awe, as objects of evil omen. They had heard of the great guns at the sea-side, and they dared not keep the 1763; mysterious symbols of the governor's 1819.

Cape Breton, a large island at the entrance of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and separated from Nova Scotia by the narrow strait of Canso; discovered by Cabot, 1497. The French fortress Louisburg (q. r.) was situated on this island. This was taken by the New England troops in 1745. Island ceded to England, Feb. 10, incorporated with Nova Scotia, Population, 1891, 86,914.

Gen. Braxton indicated that the Nome district would compare for richness with the celebrated KLONDIKE (q. v.) region. In the short season of 1899 the yield in gold from this section alone was estimated at $1,500,000.

Cape Fear, ACTION AT. Bragg was in command of the Confederates in the Cape Fear region at the time of the fall of Fort Fisher, and General Hoke was his most efficient leader. He held Fort Anderson, a large earthwork about halfway between Fort Fisher and Wilmington. Gen. Alfred Terry did not think it prudent to advance on Wilmington until he should be reinforced. To effect this, General Grant ordered Schofield from Tennessee to the coast of North Carolina, where he arrived, with the 23d Corps, on Feb. 9, 1865, and swelled Terry's force of 8,000 to 20,000. Schofield, outranking Terry, took the chief command. The Department of North Carolina had just been created, and he was made its commander. The chief object now was to occupy Goldsboro, in aid of Sherman's march to that place. Terry was pushed forward towards Hoke's right, and, with gunboats, attacked Fort Anderson (Feb. 18) and drove the Confederates from it. The flee ing garrison was pursued, struck, and dispersed, with a loss of 375 men and two guns. The National troops pressed up both sides of the Cape Fear River, pushed Hoke back, while gunboats secured torpedoes in the stream and erected batteries on both banks. Hoke abandoned Wilmington, Feb. 22, 1865, after destroying all the steamers and naval stores there. Among the former were the Confederate privateers Chickamauga and Tallahassee. Wilmington was occupied by National troops, and the Confederates abandoned the Cape Fear region.

Cape Nome, a cape extending from the southern part of the western peninsula of Alaska, which lies between Kotzebue Sound on the north, and Bering Sea on the south. It is about 2,500 miles northwest of Seattle, and 175 miles southeast of Siberia. In September, 1898, gold was first discovered here by a party of Swedes. Since then it has become the centre of a rich gold-mining region, which lies about the lower course of the Snake River, a winding stream emerging from a range of mountains not exceeding from 700 to 1.200 feet in altitude. In October, 1899, Nome City had a population of 5.000 inhabitants living in tents. It is believed that the rapid growth of this town has never been equalled. Early prospecting

Capital, NATIONAL. The seat of government of the United States was permanently settled in the city of Washington, D. C., in the summer of 1800. It seemed like transferring it to a wilderness. Only the north wing of the Capitol was finished, and that was fitted up to accommodate both Houses of Congress. The President's house was finished externally, but much had to be done on the inside. There was only one good tavern, and that was insufficient to accommodate half the Congressmen. There was only a path through an alder swamp along the line of Pennsylvania Avenue from the President's house to the Capitol. Mrs. Adams wrote concerning the President's house that it was superb in design, but then dreary beyond endurance. “I could content myself almost anywhere for three months," she said, "but, surrounded with forests, can you believe that wood is not to be had, because people cannot be found to cut and cart it! . . . We have, indeed, come into a new country." The public offices had hardly been established in the city when the War-office, a wooden structure, took fire and was burned with many valuable papers.

From time to time there have been movements in favor of removing the seat of government from Washington, D. C. The first of this kind was in 1808. The really miserable situation and condition of the city at that time rendered a removal desirable to most of the members of Congress, and the city of Philadelphia, anxious to win it back to the banks of the Delaware, offered to furnish every accommodation to Congress and the public offices at its own expense. The new Hall of Representatives, by its ill adaptation whether for speakers or hearers, occasioned great dissatisfaction. A motion for removal occasioned much discussion in Congress and great excitement in the District of Columbia, especially among land-owners. The Southern members objected to Philadelphia because they would there be continually pestered

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by anti-slavery politicians and other an- sent the Signers of the Declaration of noyances connected with the subject. A Independence, the Surrender of Burresolution for removal came within a very few votes of passing. It is believed that it would have been carried but for the opposition of the Southern men to Philadelphia. In more recent years there have been agitations favoring removal to St. Louis or some other Western city, on the ground of having it in a more central location geographically.

goyne at Saratoga, the Surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown, and the Resignation of Washington's Commission at Annapolis. To these have since been added others, of the same general sizenamely, the Landing of Columbus, by John Vanderlyn; the Burial of De Soto, by George Powell; the Baptism of Pocahontas, by J. G. Chapman; the Embarkation of the Pilgrims, by Robert W. Weir; President Lincoln Signing the

B. Carpenter, etc. The old Hall of Representatives is now used for a national Hall of Statuary, to which each State has been asked to contribute statues of two of its most distinguished citizens. The Capitol has already become the permanent depository of a large collection of grand paintings and statuary illustrative of the progress of the nation.

In 1816 Congress, by joint resolution, authorized the President of the United States to procure, for the or- Emancipation Proclamation, by Frank namenting of the new Capitol, then building, four large paintings of Revolutionary scenes from the hand of John Trumbull, a worthy pupil of Ben jamin West. He possessed a large number of portraits of the prominent actors in the events of the Revolution, painted by himself, and these he used in his compositions. These pictures are now in the rotunda of the Capitol, under the magnificent dome, and are of peculiar historic The Capitol was made a vast citadel on value, as they perpetuate correct like the arrival of troops there after the close nesses of the men whom Americans de- of April, 1861. Its halls and committeelight to honor. These paintings repre- rooms were used as barracks for the sol

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