Page images
PDF
EPUB

1776, and assisted Silas Deane in his political and commercial operations in France. He also assisted the American commissioners in Paris. In 1778-80 he was in Congress, and was secretary of legation to Jay's mission to Spain. When the latter left Europe (1782) Carmichael remained as chargé d'affaires, and retained the office for several years. In 1792 he was associated with William Short on a commission to negotiate with Spain a treaty concerning the navigation of the Mississippi. Sparks's Diplomatic Correspondence contains many of his letters. He died in February, 1795.

men. John B. Floyd, the late Secretary of War, was placed in command of the Confederates in the region of the Gauley River. From him much was expected, for he promised much. He was to drive General Cox out of the Kanawha Valley, while Lee should disperse the army of 10,000 nen under Rosecrans at Clarksburg, on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, and so open a way for an invading force of Confederates into Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Ohio. Early in September Rosecrans marched southward in search of Floyd. He scaled the Gauley Mountains, and on the 10th found Floyd at Carnifex Ferry, on Carnegie, ANDREW, philanthropist; the Gauley River, 8 miles from Sumborn in Dunfermline, Scotland, Nov. 25, mersville, the capital of Nicholas county, 1837; was brought to the United States Va. Already a detachment of Floyd's by his parents, who settled in Pittsburg in men had surprised and dispersed (Aug. 1848. In the early part of his business 26, 1861) some Nationals, under Col. E. career he was associated with Mr. Wood- B. Taylor, not far from Summersville. ruff, the inventor of the sleeping-car, in At the summit of Gauley Mountain Roseintroducing it on railroads. Afterwards crans encountered Floyd's scouts and he became superintendent of the Pittsburg drove them before him; and on Sept. division of the Pennsylvania Railroad 10, Floyd's camp having been reconCompany; invested largely in oil-wells noitred by General Benham, Rosecrans which yielded him a considerable fortune; fell upon him with his whole force (chiefly and then engaged in the manufacture of Ohio troops), and for three hours a dessteel, iron, and coke. He is widely known perate battle raged. It ceased only when as a founder and contributor to public li- the darkness of night came on. Rosebraries, and a promoter of other edu- crans intended to renew it in the morning, cational institutions. Among his most and his troops lay on their arms that notable gifts are the Carnegie Library and night. Under cover of darkness, Floyd Institute, with art gallery, museum, and stole away, and did not halt in his flight music hall, in Pittsburg, erected at a cost until he reached Big Sewell Mountain, of over $1,000,000, and endowed with near New River, 30 miles distant. The several millions and implied promise for battle at Carnifex Ferry was regarded as still more; the public library in Washing- a substantial victory for the Nationals. to, D. C., $350,000; and Cooper Union, The latter lost fifteen killed and seventy New York, $300,000. In 1899-1900 his wounded; the Confederates lost one killed gifts aggregated about $7,000,000. In and ten wounded. March, 1901, he offered $5,200,000 for libraries in New York City, and $1,000,000 for the same purpose in St. Louis. In May, 1901, he gave $10,000,000 to the Scotch universities for educational purposes. He has published Triumphant Democracy; An American Four-in-Hand in Britain; Round the World; Wealth, etc. See IRON AND STEEL.

Carnifex Ferry, BATTLE AT. The Confederate troops left by Garnett and Pegram in western Virginia in the summer of 1861 were placed in charge of Gen. Robert E. Lee. At the beginning of August he was at the head of 16,000 fighting

Carolinas. See NORTH CAROLINA; SOUTH CAROLINA.

Caroline Islands, a group in the South Pacific, said to have been discovered by the Portuguese, 1525; also by the Spaniard Lopez de Villalobos, 1545; and named after Charles II. of Spain, 1686. These islands were virtually given up to Spain in 1876. The Germans occupying some of the islands, Spain protested in August, 1885. Spanish vessels arrived at the island of Yop, Aug. 21; the Germans landed and set up their flag, Aug. 24; dispute referred to the Pope; the sovereignty awarded to Spain, with commercial

concessions to Germany and Great Brit- penter and Trumbull won.

After his arain; agreement signed, Nov. 25; con- gument was completed Secretary Stanton firmed at Rome, Dec. 17, 1885; natives put his arms around his neck, exclaimsubdued, Spaniards in full possession, ing, "Carpenter, you have saved us!" 1891.

During the American-Spanish War there were frequent rumors that the United States was about to seize the islands; but the group was sold by Spain to Germany in 1899. The chief American interest in the Caroline Islands lies in the facts that American missionaries began work on the island of Ponape in 1852, the pioneers being believed to have been the first white people to occupy that island; that after the missionary board had expended over $400,000 in its work there were frequent massacres of mission workers; that the missionaries were ultimately expelled by the Spaniards from the islands; and that after much dip lomatic correspondence the United States government secured the payment of an indemnity by Spain of $17,500 in 1894.

Carpenter, FRANK BICKNELL, painter and author; born in Homer, N. Y., in 1830; was mostly self-educated in art; settled in New York in 1851, and became an associate of the National Academy of Design in 1852. He painted numerous portraits of Presidents, statesmen, and other noted persons. His best-known works are the historical painting of President Lincoln Signing the Emancipation Proclamation, now in the Capitol in Washington, and Arbitration, a view of the British and American commissioners on the Alabama claims in session in Washington in 1871, presented to Queen Victoria in 1892. He wrote Six Months in the White House with Abraham Lincoln. He died May 23, 1900.

Later Judge Black spoke of him as "the finest constitutional lawyer in the United States." He was a member of the United States Senate in 1869-75 and 1879-81. He was counsel for Samuel J. Tilden before the Electoral Commission in 1877. His greatest speeches in the Senate include his defence of President Grant against the attack of Charles Summer; and on the Ku-Klux act, President Johnson's amnesty proclamation, and the ironclad oath. He died in Washington, D. C., Feb. 24, 1881.

Carpet-Baggers, a name of reproach given by the South to citizens of the North who went South after the war, 1861-65. Many of them went there with the best intentions; some in hope of political advancement by the aid of negro votes. The movement served to retard rather than hasten reconciliation between the sections.

Carr, EUGENE ASA, military officer; born in Concord, N. Y., March 20, 1830; was graduated at West Point in 1850. As a member of mounted rifles, he was engaged in Indian warfare in New Mexico, Texas, and the West; and in 1861 served under Lyon, in Missouri, as colonel of Illinois cavalry. He commanded a division in the battle at PEA RIDGE (q. v.), and was severely wounded. He was made a brigadier-general of volunteers in 1862. He commanded a division in the battle at PORT GIBSON (q. v.) and others preceding the capture of Vicksburg; also in the assaults on that place. He assisted in the capture of Little Rock, Ark., and the defences of Mobile. He was retired as brigadier-general and brevet major-general U. S. A. in 1893.

Carpenter, MATTHEW HALE, lawyer; born in Moretown, Vt., Dec. 22, 1824; was admitted to the Vermont bar in 1847; settled in Wisconsin in the follow- Carr, SIR ROBERT, commissioner; born ing year, and later in Milwaukee, Mich. in Northumberland, England. In 1664 During the Civil War he was a stanch he was appointed, with SIR RICHARD Union man. In March, 1868, with Ly- NICHOLLS (q. v.) and others, on a comman Trumbull, he represented the govern- mission to regulate the affairs of New ment in the famous McCardle trial, which England, and to take possession of NEW involved the validity of the reconstruc- NETHERLAND (q. v.). The commission tion act of Congress of March 7, 1867. came on a fleet which had been fitted out Up to that time this was the most im- to operate against the Dutch settlers on portant cause ever argued before the the Hudson. Carr and Nichols gained United States Supreme Court, and Car- possession of New Netherland Aug. 27,

1664, and named it New York in honor War he raised nine regiments of militia of the Duke of York. On Sept. 24 of the in western Virginia for three-months' same year Fort Orange surrendered to volunteers; was promoted brigadier-genthe English, and was renamed Albany. eral of volunteers in November, 1862; and In February, 1665, Carr and his associ- served throughout the war with distincates went to Boston, but the colonists tion. In 1870-73 he held the chair of there declined to recognize them, as did Military Science and Tactics at Wabash also the towns in New Hampshire. In College, Ind. His publications include Maine, however, the commissioners were American Classics, or Incidents of Revowell received, and a new government was lutionary Suffering; Crisis Thoughts; Abestablished in that colony, which lasted sa-ra-ka, Land of Massacre, and Indian from 1666 to 1668. He died in Bristol, Operations on the Plains; Battles of the

England, June 1, 1667.

Carricksford, BATTLE AT. In July, 1861, after the battle on RICH MOUNTAIN (q. v.), the Confederates under Pegram, threatened by McClellan, stole away to Garnett's camp, when the united forces hastened to Carricksford, on a branch of the Cheat River, pursued by the Nationals. After crossing that stream, Garnett made a stand. He was attacked by Ohio and Indiana troops. After a short engagement, the Confederates fled. While Garnett was trying to rally them, he was shot dead. The Confederates fled to the mountains, and were pursued about 2 miles.

Carrington, EDWARD, military officer; born in Charlotte county, Va., Feb. 11, 1749; became lieutenant-colonel of a Virginia artillery regiment in 1776; was sent to the South; and was made a prisoner at Charleston in 1780. He was Gates's quartermaster-general in his brief Southern campaign. Carrington prepared the way for Greene to cross the Dan, and was an active and efficient officer in that officer's famous retreat. He commanded the artillery at Hobkirk's Hill, and also at Yorktown. Colonel Carrington was foreman of the jury in the trial of AARON BURR (q. v). He died in Richmond, Va., Oct. 28, 1810. His brother PAUL, born Feb. 24, 1733, became an eminent lawyer; was a member of the House of Burgesses, and voted against Henry's Stamp Act resolutions; but was patriotic, and helped along the cause of independence in an efficient manner. He died in Charlotte county, Va., June 22, 1818.

[merged small][graphic][merged small]

the first appearing in America at the close of the seventeenth century. He was educated at St. Omer's and at a Jesuit college at Rheims; and studied law in France and at the Temple, London. He returned to America in 1764, when he found the colonies agitated by momentous political Carrington, HENRY BEEBEE, military questions, into which he soon enteredofficer; born in Wallingford, Conn., March a writer on the side of the liberties of the 2, 1824; graduated at Yale College in people. He inherited a vast estate, and 1845. When the first call for troops was considered one of the richest men in was issued at the beginning of the Civil the colonies. Mr. Carroll was a member

of one of the first vigilance committees ordained a priest in 1769, and entered the established at Annapolis, and a member order of Jesuits soon afterwards. He of the Provincial Convention. Early in travelled through Europe with young Lord 1776 he was one of a committee appointed Staunton in 1770 as private tutor, and by Congress to visit Canada to persuade in 1773 became a professor in the college the Canadians to join the other colonies at Bruges. In 1775 he returned to Maryin resistance to the measures of Parlia- land, and the next year, by desire of Conment. His colleagues were Dr. Franklin gress, he accompanied a committee of that and Samuel Chase. The committee were body on a mission to Canada. That comaccompanied by Rev. John Carroll. The mittee was composed of Dr. Franklin, mission was fruitless; and when, in June, Charles Carroll of Carrollton, and Samuel the committee returned to Philadelphia, Chase. He was appointed the papal vicarthey found the subject of independence general for the United States in 1786, under consideration in Congress. Carroll and made Baltimore his fixed residence. and Chase induced Maryland to change its attitude. Carroll took his seat in Congress in time to vote for the Declaration of Independence. He signed that document, and was the last survivor of that band of fifty-six patriots. Mr. Carroll served his State in its Assembly, in the national Congress, and in other responsible offices, with fidelity and ability. At the age of over ninety years (July 4, 1828) he laid the corner-stone of the Baltimore and Ohio Railway, attended by an imposing civic procession. The story that he appended "of Carrollton" to his name defiantly, to enable the British crown to idetify him, is a fiction. He was accustomed to sign it so to prevent confusion, as there was another Charles Carroll. He died in Baltimore, Md., Nov. 14, 1832. Carroll, JOHN, clergyman; born in Up

JOHN CARROLL.

per Marlboro, Md., Jan. 8, 1735; was educated at St. Omer's, Liege, and Bruges;

In 1790 he was consecrated the first Roman Catholic bishop in the United States. He founded St. Mary's College in 1791, and in 1804 obtained a charter for Baltimore College. Liberal in his views, he maintained the friendship of all Protestant sects. A few years before his death, in Georgetown, D. C., Dec. 3, 1815, he was made archbishop.

Carson, CHRISTOPHER, popularly known as "Kit Carson," military officer; born in Madison county, Ky., Dec. 24, 1809: began a life of adventure when seventeen years old; was a trapper on the plains for eight years; and then hunter for Bent's Fort garrison for eight years more. Soon afterwards he became acquainted with JOHN C. FREMONT (q. v.), who employed him as guide on his later explorations. His extensive familiarity with the habits and language of the various Indian tribes in the Western country, and his possession of their confidence, made him exceptionally effective in promoting the settlement of that region. In 1847 he was appointed a second lieutenant in the United States Mounted Rifles; in 1853 drove 6,500 sheep across the mountains into California, and on his return was made Indian agent in New Mexico, where he did much in securing treaties between the government and the Indians. During the Civil War he rendered important service in Colorado, New Mexico, and the Indian Territory, for which he was brevetted a brigadier-general of volunteers. At the close of the war he again became an Indian agent. He died in Fort Lynn, Col., May 23, 1868.

Carter, SAMUEL POWHATAN, naval and military officer; born in Elizabethtown. Tenn., Aug. 6, 1819; was educated at

[graphic]

Princeton College; entered the navy in clined it; and Andros warned him to forFebruary, 1840, and became assistant bear exercising any jurisdiction in east instructor of seamanship at the Naval Jersey, and announced that he should Academy in 1857. At the beginning of erect a fort to aid him (Andros) in the the Civil War he was transferred to the exercise of his authority. Carteret defied War Department and temporarily served him; and when, a month later, Andros in drilling recruits from eastern Tennessee. went to New Jersey, seeking a peaceful He served through the war with much conference, Carteret met him with a miligallantry, and on March 13, 1865, re- tary force. As Andros came without ceived the brevet of major-general. He troops, he was permitted to land. The then re-entered the navy; in 1869-72 was conference was fruitless. A few weeks commandant of the Naval Academy; retired Aug. 6, 1881; and was promoted rear - admiral May 16, 1882. He died in Washington, May 26, 1891.

Carteret, SIR GEORGE, English naval officer; born in St. Ouen, Jersey, in 1599. Charles I. appointed him governor of the Island of Jersey; and when the civil war broke out he was comptroller of the navy, and esteemed by all parties. Leaving the sea, he went with his family to Jersey, but soon afterwards returned to help his royal master. In 1645 he was created a baronet, and returned to his government of Jersey, where he received and sheltered the Prince of Wales (afterwards Charles II.) when the royal cause was ruined in England. Other refugees of distinction were there, and he defended the island gallantly against the forces of Cromwell. At the Restoration he rode with the King in his triumphant entry into London. Carteret became one of the privy council, vice-chamberlain, and treasurer of the navy. Being a personal friend of James, Duke of York, to whom Charles II. granted New Netherland, Carteret and Berkeley (another favorite) easily obtained a grant of territory between the Hudson and Delaware rivers, which, in gratitude for his services in the Island of Jersey, was called New Jersey. Carteret retained his share of the province until his death, in 1680, leaving his widow, Lady Elizabeth, executrix of his estate. Sir George was one of the grantees of the Carolinas, and a portion of that domain was called Carteret colony. Governor Andros, of New York, claimed political jurisdiction, in the name of the Duke of York, over all New Jersey. Philip Carteret, governor of east Jersey, denied it, and the two governors were in open opposition. A friendly meeting of the two magistrates, on Staten Island, was proposed. Carteret de

later Carteret was taken from his bed, in his house at Elizabethtown, at night, by New York soldiers, and carried to that city and placed in the hands of the sheriff. He was tried in May (1678), and though Andros sent his jurors out three times, with instructions to bring in a verdict of guilty, he was acquitted. But he was compelled to give security that he would not again assume political authority in New Jersey. The Assembly of New Jersey were asked to accept the duke's laws, but they preferred their own. At the same time they accepted the government of Andros, but with reluctance. Carteret went to England with complaints, and the case was laid before the duke by his widow after his death. The Friends, of west Jersey, had already presented their complaints against Andros, and the case was referred to the duke's commissioners. These, advised by Sir William Jones, decided that James's grant reserved no jurisdiction, and that none could be rightly claimed. This decided the matter for east Jersey also, and in August and October, 1680, the duke signed documents relinquishing all rights over east and west Jersey.

Carthage, Battle of. In the summer of 1861 General Lyon sent Col. Franz Sigel in pursuit of the Confederates under Governor Price in southeastern Missouri. His force consisted of nearly 1.000 loyal Missourians (of his own and Salomon's regiments) with two batteries of artillery of four field-pieces each-in all about 1.500 men. Though the Confederates were reported to be more than 4,000 in number, Sigel diligently sought them. On the morning of July 5, 1861, he encountered large numbers of mounted riflemen, who seemed to be scouting, and a few miles from Carthage, the capital of Jasper county, he came upon the main body, un

« PreviousContinue »