was promoted brigadier-general in 1782. bas and several chiefs. The hatred beHe died in France in 1842. Caswell, RICHARD, military officer; born in Maryland, Aug. 3, 1729; went to North Carolina in 1746, and practised law there, serving in the Assembly from 1754 to 1771, and being speaker in 1770. In the battle of the Allamance he commanded Tryon's right wing, but soon afterwards identified himself with the cause of the patriots, and was a member of the Continental Congress (1774-75). For three years he was president of the Provincial Congress of North Carolina, and was governor of the State from 1777 to 1779. In February, 1776, he was in command of the patriot troops in the battle of Moore's Creek Bridge, and received the thanks of Congress and the commission of majorgeneral for the victory there achieved. He led the State troops in the battle near Camden (August, 1780); and was controller-general in 1782. He was again governor in 1784-86; and a member of the convention that framed the national Constitution. While presiding as speaker in the North Carolina Assembly he was stricken with paralysis, and died in Fayetteville, N. C., Nov. 20, 1789. Catawba Indians, one of the eight Indian nations of North America discovered by the Europeans in the seventeenth century, when they had 1,500 warriors. They occupied the region between the Yadkin and Catawba rivers, on each side of the boundary-line between North and South Carolina. They were southward of the Tuscaroras, and were generally on good terms with them. They were brave, but not warlike, and generally acted on the defensive. In 1672 they expelled the fugitive Shawnees; but their country was desolated by bands of the Five Nations in 1701. They assisted the Carolinians against the Tuscaroras and their confederates in 1711; but four years afterwards they joined the powerful league of the Southern Indians in endeavors to extirpate the white people. A long and virulent war was carried on between them and the Iroquois. The English endeavored to bring peace between them, and succeeded. When, in 1751, William Bull, commissioner for South Carolina, attended a convention at Albany, he was at tended by the chief sachem of the Cataw tween the two nations was so bitter that the English commissioners deemed it prudent to keep the Catawbas alone in a chamber until the opening of the convention, to prevent violence. In the convention, after a speech by Mr. Bull, attended by the usual presents of wampum, the Catawba “king" and his chiefs approached the grand council, singing a song of peace, and bearing their ensigns-colored feathers carried horizontally. A seat was prepared for them at the right hand of the English company. The singers continued their song, half fronting the old sachems to whom their words were addressed, pointing their feathers, and shaking their musical calabashes, while their "king" was preparing and lighting the calumet, or pipe of peace. The king first smoked, and then presented the pipe to King Hendrick, of the Mohawks, who gracefully accepted and smoked it. Then each sachem smoked it in turn, when the Catawba monarch addressed the Six Nations-the singers having fastened their feathers, calabashes, and pipes to their tent-pole. The Catawbas were again the active allies of the Carolinians in 1760, when the Cherokees made war upon them, and were friends of the "pale faces" ever afterwards. In the Revolution they joined the Americans, though few in numbers. They have occupied a reservation only a few miles square upon the Catawba River, near the mouth of Fishing Creek, and are now nearly extinct. Cathay, the old name of China, so call ed by the Venetian traveller Marco Polo, who, in the employ of the Khan of Tartary, visited it early in the thirteenth cen tury. It was the land Columbus expect. ed to find by sailing westward from Spain. Cathcart, WILLIAM SCHAW, EARL, military officer; born in Petersham, England, Sept. 17, 1755; joined the British army in June, 1777, and came to the United States; later was aide to Gen. Spencer Wilson and General Clinton, and participated in the siege of Forts Montgomery and Clinton, and in the battles of Brandywine and Monmouth. In May, 1778, during the reception given in honor of Lord Howe, in Philadelphia, he led one section of the "knights" at the celebrated MISCHIANZA (q. v.). Later he recruited and commanded the Caledonian She died in New London, Conn., Feb. 3, Volunteers, which subsequently was call- 1869. ed Tarleton's Legion. He returned to England in 1780, and was promoted lieutenant-general in 1801. He died in Cartside, Scotland, June 16, 1843. Catlin, GEORGE, artist; born in Wilkesbarre, Pa., in 1796; after practising law in Litchfield, Conn., removed to Philadelphia, and turned his attention to painting. In 1832 he went to the Far West, where he lived for several years among the Indians. His paintings, illustrative of Indian life and customs, were exhibited both in the United States and Europe, and numbered in all more than 500. His publications include Manners, Customs, and Condition of the North American Indians; O-kee-pa: A Religious Ceremony, and other Customs of the Mandans, etc. He died in Jersey City, N. J., Dec. 23, 1872. Catskill Mountains, a group of the Appalachian range on the west bank of the Hudson River in New York State. Highest point, Round Top, 3,804 feet. On a terrace of Pine Orchard Mount is the Mountain House, 2,400 feet higher than the Hudson. Cavaliers, adherents of the fortunes of the Stuarts-the nobility, and the bitter opposers of the Puritans. On the death of Charles I. (1649), they fled to Virginia by hundreds, where only, in America, their Church and their King were respected. They made an undesirable addition to the population, excepting their introduction of more refinement of manner than the ordinary colonist possessed. They were idle, inclined to luxurious living, and haughty in their deportment towards the "common people." It was they who rallied around Berkeley in his struggles with Bacon (see BACON, NATHANIEL), and gave him all his strength in the Assembly. They were extremely social among their class, and gatherings and feastings and wine-drinking were much indulged in until poverty pinched them. a stimulus to the slave-trade, for, unwilling to work themselves, they desired servile tillers of their broad acres; and so were planted the seeds of a landed oligarchy in Virginia that ruled the colony until the Revolution in 1775, and in a measure until the close of the Civil War in 1865. Cavalry. See ARMY. They gave Caucus, a word in the vocabulary of the politics of the United States; probably a corruption of the word calkersmen who drive oakum or old ropes un- Cavité, a former Spanish military post, twisted into the seams of vessels. These on a narrow peninsula jutting out from men naturally associated much with rope- the mainland of Luzon Island, Philipmakers in seaports. In Boston they had pines, into Manila Bay, about 8 miles formed an association of which the father southwest of the city of Manila. On the of Samuel Adams, and Samuel Adams night of April 30, 1898, Commodore himself afterwards, were members. After Dewey, in command of the Pacific squadthe Boston Massacre, this society at their ron, sailed boldly past the batteries on meetings, in speeches and resolutions, took Corregidor Island, into Manila Bay, and strong grounds against the British government, its acts, and its instruments in America, and planned schemes for relieving their country of oppression. The Tories, in derision, called these assemblies "calkers' meetings," which became corrupted to caucus meetings "-gatherings at which politicians of the same creed meet, consult, and lay plans for political action. See NOMINATING CONVENTIONS, NATIONAL. Caulkins, FRANCES MAINWARING, author; born in New London, Conn., in 1796; was highly educated; and was the author of A History of Norwich, Conn.; A History of New London, Conn., etc. on the morning of May 1, attacked the Spanish fleet which had hastily formed in battle-line under the protection of the guns of the Cavité fort. When the American vessels neared the fort they had to sustain both its fire and that of the Spanish ships. But Commodore Dewey so manœuvred his fleet as to keep in an advantageous position in the strong currents of the bay and to avoid the fire of the Spaniards. Some of the American ships engaged the fleet and others directed their fire against the batteries. The water battery at Cavité was shelled until a magazine exploded, killing forty men, when the commander raised a white flag as a sign of a truce. Later the forts of Cavité facture of abaca are the chief industries. and Corregidor surrendered, and the six Population, 320,000.-The town of CEBU, batteries at the entrance of the bay were on the eastern coast of the island, the destroyed. After the destruction of Ad- oldest Spanish settlement in the Philipmiral Montijo's fleet the Americans es- pines, is a place of considerable trade, tablished a hospital at Cavité, where 250 and has a cathedral and several churches. Spanish wounded and sick were cared for. It is about 360 miles from Manila, and In 1900 the United States authorities has a population of 40,000. There are converted Cavité into a stronger protec- valuable and extensive coal deposits near tive post than it had ever been. See the town. The China Steam Navigation DEWEY, GEORGE; MANILA; MANILA BAY, BATTLE OF. Company began in 1900 to run a regular steamer from Hong-Kong to the port of. Cebu. Hemp was exported from the island in 1899 to the value of $3,151,910; sugar, $770,503; copra, $241,953. The total shipments exceeded by $1,456,000 those of 1898. Imports in 1899 were valued at $1,055,286. Cayuga Indians, one of the four nations of the IROQUOIS CONFEDERACY (q. v.), calling themselves Goiogwen, or "Men of the Woods." Tradition says that at the formation of the confederacy, Hi-a-wat-ha said to the Cayugas: "You, Cayugas, a people whose habitation is the Dark Cedar Creek, BATTLE AT. In October, Forest,' and whose home is everywhere, 1864, the National army, commanded by shall be the fourth nation, because of General Wright, in the temporary absence your superior cunning in hunting." They of Sheridan at Washington, were so stronginhabited the country about Cayuga Lake ly posted behind Cedar Creek that they had in central New York, and numbered about 300 warriors when first discovered by the French at the middle of the seventeenth century. The nation was composed of the families of the Turtle, Bear, and Wolf, like the other cantons, and also those of the Beaver, Snipe, Heron, and Hawk. They were represented in the congress of the league by ten sachems. Through Jesuit missionaries the French made fruitless attempts to Christianize the Cayugas and win them over to the French interest, but found them uniformly enemies. During the Revolutionary War the Cayugas were against the colonists. They fought the Virginians at Point Pleasant in 1774. They hung upon the flank and rear of the army under Sullivan that invaded the territory of the Senecas in 1779; but they soon had their own villages destroyed, which greatly annoyed them. After the war they ceded their lands to the State of New York, excepting a small reservation. In 1800 some of them joined the Senecas, some went to the Grand River in Canada, and some to Sandusky, O.. whence they were removed to the INDIAN TERRITORY (q. v.). In 1899 there were only 161 left at the New York agency. Cebu, one of the Philippine Islands, lying between Luzon and Mindanao, 135 mile long, with an extreme width of 30 miles. Sugar cultivation and the manu no expectation of an attack. They were mistaken. Early felt keenly his misfortune, and, having been reinforced by Kershaw's division and 600 cavalry sent by Lee, he determined to make a bold movement, swiftly and stealthily, against the Nationals. He secretly gathered his forces at Fisher's Hill behind a mask of thick woods, and formed them in two columns to make a simultaneous attack upon both flanks of the Nationals. He moved soon after midnight (Oct. 19, 1864), with horse, foot, and artillery, along rugged paths over the hills, for he shunned the highways for fear of discovery. The divisions of Gordon, Ramseur, and Pegram formed his right column; his left was composed of the divisions of Kershaw and Wharton. At dawn these moving columns fell upon the right, left, and rear of the Nationals. It was a surprise. So furious was the assault before the Nationals had time to take battle order, that in fifteen minutes Crook's corps, that held a position in front, and had heard mysterious sounds like the dull, heavy tramp of an army, was broken into fragments, and sent flying back in disorder upon the corps of Emory and Wright. Crook left 700 men as prisoners, with many cannon, small-arms, and munitions of war in the hands of the Confederates. Emory tried in vain to stop the fugitives, but very soon his own corps gave way, leaving several guns behind. it to be only a reconnoissance. After These, with Crook's, eighteen in all, were breakfast he mounted his horse-a powerturned upon the fugitives with fearful ful black charger-and moved leisurely effect, while Early's right column, led by out of the city southward. He soon met Gordon, continued their flanking advance the van of fugitives, who told a dreadful with vigor, turning the Nationals out of tale of disaster. He immediately ordered every position where they attempted to make a stand. Seeing the peril of his army, Wright ordered a general retreat, which was covered by the 6th Corps, under the command of Ricketts, which remained unbroken. The whole army retreated to Middletown, a little village 5 miles north of Strasburg, where Wright rallied his broken columns, and, falling back a mile or more, left Early in possession of Middletown. The Nationals had lost since daybreak (it was now ten o'clock) 1,200 men made captive, besides a large number killed and wounded; also camp equipage, lines of defence, and twenty-four cannon. There being a lull in the pursuit, Wright had reformed his troops and changed his front, intending to attack or retreat to Winchester as circumstances might dictate. At that critical moment Sheridan appeared on the field. He had returned from Washington, and had slept at Winchester. Early in the morning he heard the booming of cannon up the valley, and supposed the retreating artillery to be parked on each side of the turnpike. Then, ordering his escort to follow, he put his horse on a swinging gallop, and at that pace rode nearly 12 miles to the front. The fugitives became thicker and thicker every moment. He did not stop to chide or coax. but, waving his hat as his horse thundered on over the magnificent stone road, he shouted to the cheering crowds, "Face the other way, boys! face the other way! We are going back to our camp. We are going to lick them out of their boots!" Instantly the tide of retreating troops turned and followed after the young general. As he dashed along the lines and rode in front of forming regiments, he gave a word of cheer to all. He declared they should have all those camps and cannon back again. They believed the prophecy, and fought fiercely for its fulfilment. The reformed army advanced in full force. Already (10 A.M.) General Emory had quickly repulsed an attack, which inspirited the whole corps. A general and severe struggle ensued. The whole CEDAR MOUNTAIN-CÉLORON DE BIENVILLE Confederate army were soon in full and the division of General Williams, of which tumultuous retreat up the valley towards Crawford's brigade was a part. The batFisher's Hill, leaving guns, trains, and tle now became general, and raged for an other hinderances to flight behind. Early's hour and a half, during which deeds of army was virtually destroyed; and, with great valor were performed on both sides. the exception of two or three skirmishes The Nationals, outnumbered, were pushed between cavalry, there was no more fight back after much loss by both parties. At ing in the Shenandoah Valley. That dusk Ricketts's division of McDowell's night the Nationals occupied their old corps came upon the field, and checked the position at Cedar Creek. The promise of pursuit. Artillery firing was kept up unSheridan, "We will have all the camps til near midnight. Later in the evening and cannon back again," was fulfilled. Sigel's corps arrived, and these reinforceSheridan was rewarded by the commis- ments kept Jackson in check. On the sion of a major-general in the regular night of the 11th, informed of the aparmy, dated Nov. 4, 1864. Sheridan's proach of National troops from the RapRide" was made the theme of poetry and pahannock, and alarmed for the safety of painting. his communications with Richmond, he fled beyond the Rapidan, leaving a part of his dead unburied. 66 Cedar Mountain, BATTLE OF. Pope's main army was near Culpeper Courthouse, and "Stonewall Jackson was at Gordonsville, with a heavy force, at the close of July, 1862. Pope had taken command on June 28, and assumed the control in the field on July 29. Both armies advanced early in August. Jackson, reinforced, had thrown his army across the Rapidan River on the morning of the 8th, and driven the National cavalry back on Culpeper Court-house. Gen. S. W. Crawford was sent with his brigade to assist the latter in retarding Jackson's march, and to ascertain his real intentions, if possible. The movements of the Confederates were so mysterious that it was difficult to guess where they intended to strike. On the morning of Aug. 9, Pope sent General Banks forward with about 8.000 men to join Crawford near Cedar Mountain, 8 miles southward of Culpeper Court-house, and Sigel was ordered to advance from Sperryville at the same time to the support of Banks. Jackson had now gained the commanding heights of Cedar Mountain, and he sent forward General Ewell under the thick mask of the forest. Early's brigade of that division was thrown upon the Culpeper road. The Confederates planted batteries, and opened fire upon Crawford's batteries. Before Crawford and Banks were about 20,000 veteran soldiers in line of battle. Against these Banks moved towards evening, and almost simultaneously fell upon Jackson's right and left. The attacking force was composed of the division of General Auger (the advance led by General Geary) and Cedars, AFFAIR AT THE. In 1776 there was a small American party posted at the Cedars Rapids of the St. Lawrence River, under Colonel Bedel, of New Hampshire. While the colonel was sick at Lachine, Captain Foster, with some regulars, Canadians, and 500 Mohawks, under Brant, came down the river and attacked and captured this post without resistance. Arnold went out from Montreal with a force to attack the captors; but, to prevent the Indians murdering the prisoners, he consented to a compromise for an exchange. Céloron de Bienville, French explorer; born about 1715. The treaty of peace at Aix-la-Chapelle in 1748 did not touch the subject of boundaries between the French and English colonies in America. The Ohio Company was formed partly for the purpose of planting English settlements in the disputed territory. The French determined to counteract the movement by pre-occupation; and in 1749 the governor of Canada, the Marquis de la Galissonière, sent Céleron with subordinate officers, cadets, twenty soldiers, 180 Canadians, thirty Iroquois, and twenty-five Abenakes, with instructions to go down the Ohio River and take formal possession of the surrounding country in the name of the King of France. Contrecœur, afterwards in command at Fort Duquesne, and Coulon de Villiers accompanied him as chief lieutenants. Céloron was provided with a number of leaden tablets, properly inscribed, to bury at differ |