Centennial Exhibition, the "World's invitations to all foreign nations having Fair," held in Philadelphia in 1876, com- diplomatic relations with the United memorating the centennial of the politi- States to participate in the exhibition cal existence of the North American Re- by sending the products of their induspublic. On June 1, 1872, Congress passed tries. There was a generous response, and an act providing for a Centennial Board thirty three nations, besides the United of Finance. The members of this board States, were represented - namely, Arwere authorized to procure subscriptions gentine Republic, Austria, Belgium, Brato a capital stock not exceeding $10,000,- zil, Canada, Chili, China, Denmark, Egypt, 000, in shares of $10 each. John Welsh, of France, Germany, Great Britain and Ire

land, India and British colonies, Hawaiian Islands, Hungary, Italy, Japan, Liberia, Luxemburg Grand Duchy, Mexico, Netherlands, Norway, Orange Free State, Peru, Portugal, Russia, Santo Domingo, Spain and Spanish colonies, Siam, Sweden, Switzerland, Tunis, Turkey, and Venezuela. A "Woman's Executive Committee was formed, composed of Philadelphians, who raised money sufficient among the women of the Union for the erection of a building for the exhibition exclu

Philadelphia, was chosen president of this board. William Sellers and John S. Barbour were appointed vice-presidents, and Frederick Fraley treasurer. An official seal was adopted, simple in design. The words UNITED STATES CENTENNIAL COMMISSION were placed in concentric circles around the edge of the seal. In the centre was a view of the old State-house in Philadelphia; and beneath the building were the words (cast on the State-house bell ten years before the Revolution), "PROCLAIM LIBERTY THROUGHOUT THE LAND, sively of women's work-sculpture, paintUNTO ALL THE INHABITANTS THEREOF." It was soon decided to make the affair international, instead of national-an exhibition of the products of all nations.

ing, engraving, lithography, literature, telegraphy, needlework of all kinds, etc.at a cost of $30,000. The building was called the "Women's Pavilion." In it were exhibited beautiful needlework from England and etchings from the hand of Queen Victoria.

Fairmount Park, Philadelphia, an ideal site for the purpose, was chosen as the place to hold the great fair. Suitable buildings were erected, five in number The women of the republic also contrib- namely, Main Exhibition Building, uted to the general fund of the Centennial Memorial Hall (or Art Gallery), Ma- Commission more than $100,000. The chinery Hall, Horticultural Hall, and great exhibition was opened May 10. The Agricultural Hall. The aggregate cost opening ceremonies were grand and imof these buildings was about $4,444,000. posing. Representatives of many nations The space occupied by them was about 49 acres of ground, and their annexes covered 26 acres more, making a total of 75 acres. The main building alone covered over 21 acres. The national government issued

were present. The late Dom Pedro II., then Emperor of Brazil (with his empress), was the only crowned head present. The American Congress and the foreign diplomats were largely represent

CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION-CENTRAL AMERICA

ed. The President of the United States structures 190. The exhibition was open (General Grant), in the presence of fully for pay admissions 159 days, the pay-gates 100,000 people, appeared upon the great being closed on Sundays. The total numplatform erected for the occasion, accom- ber of cash admissions at fifty cents each panied by his wife, when the "Grand was 7,250,620; and at twenty-five cents, Centennial March," composed by Richard 753,654. The number of free admissions Wagner, the great German musical com- was 1,906,692, making the grand total of poser, was performed by the orchestra of admissions 9,910,966. The largest number Theodore Thomas. Then Bishop Simp- of admissions in a full month was in Ocson, of the Methodist Episcopal Church, tober, when it reached 2,663,911. The uttered a prayer, and was followed by a largest number admitted in a single daythousand voices chanting an impressive "Pennsylvania Day"-was 274,919. The "Centennial Hymn," composed by John total amount of cash receipts was $3,813,Greenleaf Whittier, accompanied by a 725.50. grand organ and the whole orchestra. When the chanting was ended the chairman of the Centennial Board of Finance formally presented the building to the United States Centennial Commission. After a cantata, composed by Sidney Lanier, of Georgia, was sung, General Hawley, president of the Commission, presented the exhibition to the President of the United States, after which the latter made a brief response. The American flag was then unfurled over the Main Building, which gave notice to the multitude that the Centennial Exhibition was opened. The government of the United

The exhibition closed, with imposing ceremonies, on Nov. 10. In all respects it was the grandest and most comprehensive international exposition that had then been held. See COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION, WORLD'S.

Centennial Oration. See WINTHROP, ROBERT CHARLES.

Central America, a large expanse of territory connecting North and South America, and comprising in 1901 the republics of Guatemala, Honduras, Salvador, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica. The region was discovered by Columbus, in his fourth voyage, in 1502. He found the bay of Honduras, where he landed; then proceed

SANDSTONE ROCK, RIO ABAJO, TEGUCIGALPA, CENTRAL AMERICA.

States, separate States, foreign govern- ed along the main shore to Cape Gracias ments, different industries, corporations, a Dios; and thence to the Isthmus of and individuals erected buildings on the Darien, hoping, but in vain, to obtain grounds, making the whole number of a passage to the Pacific Ocean. At the

Cerro Gordo, BATTLE OF. Cerro Gordo is a difficult mountain pass, at the foot of the eastern slope of the Cordilleras, on the great national road from Vera Cruz to the city of Mexico. Santa Ana, by extraordinary efforts after the battle of BUENA VISTA (q. v.), had gathered a force of about 12,000 men from among the sierras of Orizaba, concentrated them upon the heights of Cerro Gordo, and strongly fortified the position. When the capture of VERA CRUZ (q. v.) was completed, General Scott prepared to march upon the Mexican capital, along the national road. He left General Worth as temporary governor of Vera Cruz, with a sufficient garrison for the Castle of San Juan de Ulloa, and moved forward (April 8, 1847) with about 8,000 men, the division of Gen. D. A. Twiggs in advance. Twiggs approached Cerro Gordo on the 13th, and found Santa Ana in his path. Scott arrived the next morning and prepared to attack the stronghold. On the 17th he issued a remarkable general order, directing, in detail, the movements of the army in the coming battle. These directions followed, secured

isthmus he found a harbor, and, on account of its beauty and security, he called it Porto Bello. At another place in that country, on the Dureka River, he began a settlement with sixty-eight men; but they were driven off by a warlike tribe of Indians-the first repulse the Spaniards had ever met with. But for this occurrence, caused by the rapacity and cruelty of the Spaniards, Columbus might have had the honor of planting the first European colony on the continent of America. In 1509 Alonzo de Ojeda, with 300 soldiers, began a settlement on the east side of the Gulf of Darien. At the same time Diego Nicuessa, with six vessels and 780 men, began another settlement on the west side. Both were broken up by the fierce natives; and thus the Spaniards, for the first time, were taught to dread the dusky people of the New World. This was the first attempt of Europeans to make a permanent lodgment on the continent of America. Many attempts have been made in recent years to bring about a federation of the five republics, the latest in 1895, when the Greater Republic of Central America was formed, and in 1898, when, by treaty, Honduras. Salva- a victory. That order appeared almost dor, and Nicaragua formed the United States of Central America, Guatemala and Costa Rica declining to enter the compact. Local revolutions and mutual jealousies have so far prevented a permanent union.

prophetic. On the 18th the attack commenced, and very severe was the struggle. It was fought in a wild place in the mountains. On one side was a deep, dark river; on the other was a frowning declivity of rock 1,000 feet in height, bristling with batteries; while above all arose the strong fortress of Cerro Gordo. The place had to be taken by storm; and the party chosen to do the work was composed of the regulars of Twiggs's division, led by Colonel Harney. Victory followed the efforts of skill and bravery, and strong Cerro Gordo fell. Velasquez, the commander of the fortress, was killed; and the Mexican standard was hauled down

Approximate Location by Important Town.

Twenty three miles east of Baltimore, Md.
Eighteen miles west of Baltimore, Md.

Forty miles northwest by west of Washington, D. C.
Sixteen miles north of Woodstock. Va.

Nineteen miles west-southwest of Moorefield, W. Va.
Sixteen miles south of Clarksburg. W Va

North Latitude.

1790

39° 15′ 5′′

1800

39° 16' 1"

76° 11′ 2′′
76° 56' 5"

1810

39° 11′ 5′′

77° 37′ 2′′

1820

39° 5' 7"

78° 33' 0"

1830

39° 57′ 9′′

1840

39° 2′ 0′′

1850

38° 59' 0"

1860

Twenty three miles southeast of Parkersburg, W. Va.
Twenty miles south of Chillicothe, O.

Forty-eight miles east by north of Cincinnati, O.
Eight miles west by south of Cincinnati, O.

Twenty miles east of Columbus, Ind.

Six miles southeast of Columbus, Ind.

by Serg. Thomas Henry. Santa Ana, in 1898 he was given command of the fleet with Almonte and other generals, and sent to operate in Cuban waters. After · 8,000 troops, escaped; the remainder were Hobson and his companions, who sunk the made prisoners. Santa Ana attempted to collier at the entrance of Santiago Harfly with his carriage, which contained a bor, were captured by the Spaniards, they large amount of specie; but it was over- were handsomely treated by Admiral Certurned, when, mounting a mule taken vera till regularly exchanged. When the from the carriage harness, he fled to the admiral received orders to attempt an esmountains, leaving behind him his wooden cape from the harbor of Santiago he saw leg-a substitute for the real one which and reported the hopelessness of such an was amputated after a wound received in undertaking, yet when peremptory orders the defence of Vera Cruz in 1837. In the were received he did not hesitate to act vehicle were found his papers, clothing, upon them. The result was one of the and a pair of woman's satin slippers. most thrilling naval encounters in hisThe victory of the Americans was com- tory, ending in the destruction of all his plete and decisive. The trophies were 3.000 prisoners (who were paroled), fortythree pieces of bronze artillery (cast in Seville, Spain), 5,000 stand of arms (which were destroyed), and a large quantity of munitions of war. The fugitives were pursued towards Jalapa with vigor. In that battle the Americans lost 431 men. The loss of the Mexicans was about 1,200 killed and wounded.

Cervera y Topeto, PASCUAL DE, CONDE DE JEREZ, MARQUIS DE SANTA ANA, naval officer; born in the province of Jerez, Spain, in 1833; was graduated at the San Fernando Naval Academy in 1851. He participated in the expeditions to Morocco

ADMIRAL CERVERA.

in 1859 and Cochin-China in 1862, and in the blockade of Cuba against filibusters in 1870; and later became secretary of the navy. He was promoted admiral in 1888. In the war with the United States

ships, on July 3. After his surrender his dignified bearing and high qualities as a naval officer, together with the remembrance of his kind treatment of Hobson and his companions, prompted marks of exceptional consideration from the United States authorities between the time of his surrender and his departure for Spain. See CUBA; SANTIAGO DE CUBA; SAMPSON, WILLIAM THOMAS; SCHLEY, WINFIELD SCOTT.

Cesnola, LUIGI PALMA DI, archæologist; born near Turin, Italy, July 29, 1832; attended the Royal Military Academy; came to the United States in 1860; and entered the army as colonel of the 4th New York Cavalry; was wounded and captured in the battle of Aldie, in June, 1862. Later he was appointed United States consul at Cyprus, and while there made extensive archæological explorations, and secured a large collection of antiquities which were placed in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City in 1873. He became director of the museum in 1878.

Chabert, JOSEPH BERNARD, MARQUIS DE, naval officer; born in Toulon, France, Feb. 28, 1724; joined the navy in 1741; came to America, and fought with the French in the Revolutionary War, winning much distinction. Later he planned and finished maps of the shores of North America. He was author of Voyages sur les cotés de l'Amerique septentrionale. He died in Paris, Dec. 1, 1805.

Chadd's Ford, a town in Delaware county, Pa.; on Brandywine Creek; 30 miles southwest of Philadelphia. The battle of Brandywine was fought here, Sept. 11, 1777.

Chaffee, ADNA ROMANZA, military offi