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near the palisades, and from the top of which his marksmen swept the galleries filled with naked Iroquois. But he could not control the great body of the Hurons, and, in their furious and tumultuous assault upon the palisades, they were thrown back in confusion, and could not be induced to repeat the onset, but resolved to retreat. Champlain, wounded in the leg, was compelled to acquiesce, and he made his way back to Quebec (1616), after a year's absence. The same year he went to France and organized a fur-trading company.

ada. He died in Quebec, Dec. 25, 1635. In 1870 a complete collection of his works, including his voyage to Mexico, with facsimiles of his maps, was published in Quebec, edited by Abbés Laverdière and Casgrain.

ON.

A

Champlain, LAKE, OPERATIONS After the Americans left Canada in sad plight in June, 1776, Carleton, the governor of Canada and general of the forces there, appeared at the foot of Lake Champlain with a well-appointed force of 13,000 men. Only on the bosom of the lake could they advance, for there was no road on On his return to Canada he took with either shore. To prevent this invasion, him some Recollet priests to minister to it was important that the Americans the colonists and the pagans. The colony should hold command of its waters. languished until 1620, when a more ener- flotilla of small armed vessels was congetic viceroy gave it a start. Champlain structed at Crown Point, and Benedict got permission to fortify it, and he return- Arnold was placed in command of them as ed with the title and power of governor, commodore. A schooner called the Royal taking with him his child-wife. Jesuit Savage was his flag-ship. Carleton, meanpriests were sent to Canada as mission- while, had used great diligence in fitting aries, and Champlain worked energeti- out an armed flotilla at St. John for the cally for the cause of religion and the ex- recovery of Crown Point and Ticonderoga. pansion of French dominion. In 1628 Sir Towards the close of August, Arnold went David Kertk appeared with an English down the lake with his fleet and watched fleet before Quebec and demanded its sur- the foe until early in October, when he render. Champlain's bold refusal made fell back to Valcour Island and formed Kertk retire, but on his way down the his flotilla for action without skill. CarleSt. Lawrence he captured the French ton advanced, with Edward Pringle as supply-ships. This produced great dis- commodore, and, on the morning of Oct. tress in Quebec; and in July of next year 11, gained an advantageous position near Champlain was compelled to surrender Arnold's vessels. A very severe battle ento Kertk's brothers, and was carried to sued, in which the Royal Savage was first England. By a treaty in 1632, Canada crippled and afterwards destroyed. Arwas restored to the French. Champlain nold behaved with the greatest bravery was reinstated as governor, and sailed for during a fight of four or five hours, until the St. Lawrence in 1633. He did not long it was closed by the falling of night. In survive, but worked energetically and the darkness Arnold escaped with his vesfaithfully until the last. His wife sur- sels from surrounding dangers and pushed vived him. She was a Protestant when up the lake, but was overtaken on the she was married, but died an Ursuline 13th. One of the vessels, the Washington, nun. Champlain's zeal for the propaga- was run on shore and burned, while Artion of Christianity was intense. A col- nold, in the schooner Congress, with four lege was established at Quebec, in which gondolas, kept up a running fight for five the children of the savages were taught hours, suffering great loss. When the and trained in the habits of civilization. Congress was almost a wreck, Arnold ran In 1603 Champlain published an account the vessels into a creek about 10 miles of his first voyage, and, in 1613 and 1619, from Crown Point, on the eastern shore, a continuation of his narrative. In 1632 and burned them. Then he and his little they were included in a work of his then force made their way through the woods published, which comprised a history of to a place opposite Crown Point, just New France from the time of Verrazani's avoiding an Indian ambush, and escaped discoveries to 1631, entitled Les Voyages to the port whence he started in safety. à la Nouvelle France Occidentale et Can- At Crown Point he found two schooners,

two galleys, one sloop, and one gondela- 100. The captured sloops were refitted, all that remained of his proud little fleet. and named, respectively, Finch and Chubb. In the two actions the Americans lost They were engaged in the battle off Plattsabout ninety men; the British not half burg the next year, when McDonough that number. General Carleton took pos- recaptured them. For a while the British session of Crown Point on Oct. 14, but were masters of Lake Champlain. This abandoned it in twenty days and returned loss stimulated McDonough to greater exto Canada. ertions. By Aug. 6 he had fitted out and armed three sloops and six gunboats. At the close of July a British armament, under Col. J. Murray, attacked defenceless Plattsburg. It was composed of soldiers, sailors, and marines, conveyed in two

When the War of 1812-15 was declared, the whole American naval force on Lake Champlain consisted of only two boats that lay in a harbor on the Vermont shore. The British had two or three gunboats, or armed galleys, on the Richelieu, or Sorel, River, the outlet of Lake Champlain. Some small vessels were hastily fitted up and armed, and Lieut. Thomas McDonough was sent to the lake to superintend the construction of some naval vessels there. In the spring of 1813 he put two vessels afloatthe sloops-of-war Growler and Eagle. Early in June, 1813, some small American vessels were attacked near Rouse's Point by British gunboats. McDonough sent the Growler and Eagle, manned by 112 men, under Lieut. Joseph Smith, to look after the matter. They went down the Sorel, chased three British gunboats some distance down the river, and were in turn pur

sued by three armed row-galleys, which opened upon the flying sloops with long 24-pounders. At the same time a land force, sent out on each side of the river, poured volleys of musketry upon the American vessels, which were answered by grape and canister. For four hours a running fight was kept up, when a heavy shot tore off a plank from the Eagle below water, and she sank immediately. The Growler was disabled and run ashore, and the people of both vessels were made prisoners. The loss of the Americans in killed and wounded was twenty; that of the British almost

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THE ROYAL SAVAGE.

sloops-of-war, three gunboats, and fortyseven long-boats. They landed on Saturday afternoon, and continued a work of destruction until ten o'clock the next day. General Hampton, who was then at Bur

*This engraving was made from a drawing in water-colors, of the Royal Savage, found by the late Benson J. Lossing among the papers of General Schuyler, and gave the first positive information as to the design and appearance of the "UNION FLAG" (q. v.), displayed by the Americans at Cambridge on Jan. 1, 1776. The drawing exhibited, in proper colors, the thirteen stripes, alternate red and white, with the British union (the crosses of St. George and St. Andrew) on a blue field in the dexter corner.

lington, only 20 miles distant, with 4,000 in April, 1863, Hooker, in command of the troops, made no attempt to oppose the in- Army of the Potomac, became impatient, vaders. The block-house, arsenal, armory, and resolved to put it in motion towards and hospital at Plattsburg were destroy- Richmond, notwithstanding his ranks

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ed; also private store-houses. The value rear. Then he moved 36,000 of the of public property wasted was $25,000, troops of his right wing across the and of private merchandise, furniture, etc., several thousand dollars. Many then went on a plundering raid, destroying transport vessels and property on shore. Such was the condition of naval affairs on Lake Champlain at the close of the summer of

1813.

Champlin, STEPHEN, naval officer; born in South Kingston, R. I., Nov. 17, 1789; went to sea when sixteen years old, and commanded a ship at twenty-two. In May, 1812, he was appointed sailing-master in the navy, and was first in command of a gunboat under Perry, at Newport, R. I., and was in service on Lake Ontario in the attacks on Little York (Toronto) and Fort George, in 1813. He join ed Perry on Lake Erie, and commanded the sloop-of-war Scorpion in the battle on Sept. 10, 1813, firing the first and last gun in that action. He was the last surviving officer of that engagement. In the following spring, while blockading Mackinaw with the Tigress, he was attacked in the night by an overwhelming force, severely wounded. and made prisoner. His wound troubled him until his death, and he was disabled for any active service forever afterwards. He died in Buffalo, N. Y., Feb. 20. 1870.

Rappahannock, with orders to halt and
intrench at Chancellorsville, between the
Confederate army near Fredericksburg
and Richmond. This movement was SO
masked by a demonstration on Lee's
front by Hooker's left wing, under
General Sedgwick, that the right was
well advanced before Lee was aware
of his peril. These troops reached Chan-
cellorsville, in a region known as
"The
Wilderness," on the evening of April 30,
1863, when Hooker expected to see Lee,
conscious of danger, fly towards Rich-
mond. He did no such thing, but proceed-
ed to strike the National army a heavy
blow, for the twofold purpose of seizing
the communications between the two parts
of that army and compelling its command-
er to fight at a disadvantage, with only a
part of his troops in hand. Hooker had
made his headquarters in the spacious
brick house of Mr. Chancellor, and sent
out Pleasonton's cavalry to reconnoitre.
A part of these encountered the Confeder-
ate cavalry, under Stuart, and were de-
feated.

Lee had called "Stonewall" Jackson's
large force to come up when he perceived
Sedgwick's movements. Lee left General
Early with 9,000 men and thirty cannon

Chancellorsville, BATTLE OF. Early to hold his fortified position at Freder

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icksburg against Sedgwick, and, at a little past midnight (May 1, 1863). he put Jackson's column in motion towards Chan

cellorsville. It joined another force under General Anderson at eight o'clock in the morning, and he, in person, led the Con

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