in 1867, and began practising law in New his laborious life he suffered from Hampshire. During the Presidential ill health. In 1822 he sought physicampaigns of 1868, 1872, and 1876 he ren- cal improvement by a Voyage to Eudered effective work for the Republican rope, and in 1830 he went to St. Croix, party as secretary of the National Republican Committee. After the campaign of 1876 he was active in the investigation of the electoral counting in Florida and South Carolina; and in 1878-79 was an important witness in the cipher despatch investigation. He was appointed solicitor-general of the United States, March 23, 1881, but his nomination was rejected by the Senate; and in 1882-85 was Secretary of the Navy. In 1887 he was elected United States Senator to fill a vacancy; in 1889 and 1895 was re-elected; and in 1900 was defeated. Chandler, ZACHARIAH, legislator; born in Bedford, N. H., Dec. 10, 1813; settled in Detroit, Mich., in 1833. In 1857 he was elected United States Senator, and held the seat until 1874, when he was appointed Secretary of the Interior; and in 1879 was again elected to the Senate. He was active in the organization of the Republican party; and sent a famous letter to Governor Blair, of Michigan, on Feb. 11, 1861, in which he used the words, "Without a little blood-letting this Union will not, in my estimation, be worth a rush." He died in Chicago, Ill., Nov. 1, 1879. WILLIAM ELLERY CHANNING W. I., for the same purpose. With a colleague he occasionally officiated in the pulpit until 1840, when he resigned. In August, 1842, he delivered his last public address at Lenox, Mass., in commemoration of the abolition of slavery in the West Indies. Mr. Channing contributed much towards stimulating anti-slavery feeling. He died in Bennington, Vt., Oct. 2, 1842. Channing, EDWARD, historian; born in Dorchester, Mass., June 15, 1856; was Chantilly, BATTLE OF. On the morngraduated at Harvard College in 1878; ing after the second battle at Bull Run and became Professor of History there. Pope was joined at Centreville by the His publications include The United corps of Franklin and Sumner. The next States, 1765-1865; A Student's History of day (Sept. 1, 1862), Lee, not disposed the United States; Town and County to make a direct attack upon the NationGovernment in the English Colonies of als, sent Jackson on another flanking North America; Narraganset Planters; movement, the latter taking with him Companions of Columbus, in Justin Winsor's Narrative and Critical History of America: Guide to Study of American History (with Albert B. Hart); and English History for Americans (with Thomas W. Higginson). Pope his own and Ewell's division. With instructions to assail and turn Pope's right, he crossed Bull Run at Sudley Ford, and, after a while, turning to the right, turned down the Little River pike, and marched towards Fairfax Court - house. Channing, WILLIAM ELLERY, clergy- had prepared to meet this movement. man; born in Newport, R. I., April 7, Heintzelman and Hooker were ordered to 1780: graduated at Harvard in 1798 different points, and just before sunset with highest honors; was a teacher in a Reno met Jackson's advance (Ewell and private family in Richmond. Va., for a Hill) near Chantilly. A cold and drenchyear afterwards; and, returning in feeble ing rain was falling, but it did not prehealth in 1802, studied theology, and be- vent an immediate engagement. Very came pastor of the Federal Street Church soon McDowell, Hooker, and Kearny came in Boston, June 1, 1803. All through to Reno's assistance. A very severe battle Chaplain, originally a clergyman who performed divine service in a chapel, for a prince or nobleman. In the United States one who holds divine service in the army or navy or for any public body. raged for some time, when Gen. Isaac J. authorities in establishing civil governStevens, leading Reno's second division ments. in person, was shot dead. His command fell back in disorder. Seeing this, Gen. Philip Kearny advanced with his division and renewed the action, sending Birney's brigade to the front. A furious thunderstorm was then raging, which made the use of ammunition very difficult. Unheeding this, Kearny brought forward a battery and planted it in position himself. Then, perceiving a gap caused by the retirement of Stevens's men, he pushed forward to reconnoitre, and was shot dead a little within the Confederate lines, just at sunset, and the command of his division devolved on Birney, who instantly made a bayonet charge with his own brigade of New York troops, led by Colonel Eagan. The Confederates were pushed back some distance. Birney held the field that night, and the broken and demoralized army was withdrawn within the lines at Washington the next day. See KEARNY, PHILIP. After the battle at Chantilly, the Army of Virginia was merged into the Army of the Potomac, and General Pope returned to service in the West. The loss of Pope's army, from Cedar Mountain to Chantilly, in killed, wounded, prisoners, and missing, was estimated at 30,000. Lee's losses during the same time amounted to about 15,000. He claimed to have taken 7,000 prisoners, with 2,000 sick and wounded, thirty pieces of artillery, and 20,000 small-arms. Of the 91.000 veteran troops from the Peninsula, lying near, Pope reported that only 20,500 men had joined him in confronting Lee. Chapelle, PLACIDE LOUIS, clergyman; born in Mende, France, Aug. 28, 1842. He came to the United States in 1859; and was graduated at St. Mary's College, and ordained a Roman Catholic priest in 1865. For five years he was a missionary, and from 1870 to 1891 held pastorates in Baltimore and Washington. He was made coadjutor archbishop of Santa Fé in 1891; archbishop in 1894; and archbishop of New Orleans in 1897. The following years he was appointed by the Pope Apostolic Delegate to Cuba, Porto Rico, and the Philippines, and after a brief service in Cuba he went to the Philippines, where in 1901 he greatly aided the American Chapultepec, BATTLE OF. The city of Mexico stands on a slight swell of ground, near the centre of an irregular basin, and encircled by a broad and deep navigable canal. The approaches to the city are over elevated causeways, flanked by ditches. From these the capital is entered by arched gateways; and these, when the victorious Americans approached the city (August, 1847), were strongly fortified. When El Molino del Rey and Casa de Mata had been captured (Sept. 8, 1847), the castle of Chapultepec alone remained as a defence for the city—this and its outworks. The hill, steep and rocky, rises 150 feet above the surrounding country. The castle was built of heavy stone masonry. The whole fortress was 900 feet in length, and the terreplein and main buildings 600 feet. The castle was about 10 feet in height, and presented a splendid specimen of military architecture. A dome, rising about 20 feet above the walls, gave it a grand appearance. Two strongly built walls surrounded the whole structure, 10 feet apart and 12 or 15 feet high. The works were thoroughly armed, and the garrison, among whom were some expert French gunners, was commanded by General Bravo. The whole hill was spotted with forts. and outworks. To carry this strong post with the least loss of men, Scott determined to batter it with heavy cannon. Accordingly, on the night of Sept. 11, four batteries of heavy cannon were erected on a hill between Tucabaya and Chapultepec, commanded respectively by Captains Drew, Haynes, and Brooks, and Lieutenant Stone. They were placed in position by the engineer officers Huger and Lee (the latter afterwards commander-in-chief of the Confederate army). On the morning of the 12th these batteries opened fire, every ball crashing through the castle, and every shell tearing up the ramparts. The fire of the Mexicans was not less severe, and this duel of great guns was kept up all day. The next morning (13th) troops moved to assail the works, was soon taken and the American flag unat their weakest point, in two columns, furled over the ramparts amid prolonged one led by General Pillow and the other cheers. by General Quitman. Pillow marched to Meanwhile Quitman's column had moved along a causeway, captured two bat teries, and joined Pillow's CASTLE OF CHAPULTEPEC. column in time to share in the work of accomplishing a final victory. Together they took the strong castle of Chapultepec, and scattered its defenders in every direction. It was literally torn in pieces; and within, a crowd of prisoners of all grades were seized, among them fifty general officers. There were also 100 cadets of the Military College, the latter "pretty little boys," wrote an American officer, "from ten to sixteen years of age." Several of their little companions had been pursued by General Quitman to the very gates engaged all the way in a running fight, which was sometimes severe. See LEE, ROBERT EDWARD; MEXICO, WAR WITH; PILLOW, GIDEON JOHNSON; QUITMAN, JOHN ANTHONY; WORTH, WILLIAM JENKINS. assail the works on the west side, while killed, "fighting like demons." The fugiQuitman made a demonstration on the tives fled to the city, along an aqueduct, easterly part. Both columns were preceded by a strong party-that of Pillow by 250 of Worth's division, commanded by Captain McKenzie; and that of Quitman by the same number, commanded by Captain Carey. Each storming party was furnished with scaling-ladders. While the troops were advancing the American batteries kept up a continuous fire over their heads upon the works to prevent reinforcements reaching the Mexicans. Pillow's column bore the brunt of the battle. It first carried a redoubt, and drove the Mexicans from shelter to shelter. At length the ditch and the wall of the main work were reached; the scaling-ladders and fascines were brought up and planted by the storming parties; and the work Charles I., King of England; second son of James I.; was born at Dunfermline, Scotland, Nov. 19, 1600. The death of his elder brother, Henry, in 1612, made him heir-apparent to the throne, which he ascended as King in 1625. He sought the hand of the infanta of Spain, but finally married (1625) Henrietta Maria, daughter of Henry IV. of France. She was a Roman Catholic, and had been procured for Charles by the infamous Duke of Buckingham, whose influence over the where the son joined her; and, at the young King was disastrous to England and to the monarch himself. Charles was naturally a good man, but his education, especially concerning the doctrine of the divine right of kings and the sanctity of the royal prerogative, led to an outbreak in England which cost him his life. Civil war began in 1641, and ended with his execution at the beginning of 1649. His reign was at first succeeded by the rule of the "Long Parliament," and then by Cromwell-a halfmonarch, called the "Protector." After various vicissitudes during the civil war, Charles was captured, and imprisoned in Carisbrooke Castle, in the Isle of Wight, from whence he was taken to London at the close of 1648. He was brought to trial before a special high court in Westminster Hall on Jan. 20, 1649, on the 27th was condemned to death, and on the 30th was beheaded on a scaffold in front of the banqueting-house at Whitehall. Charles had eight children by his queen, Henrietta, six of whom survived him. His family was driven into exile; but a little more than eleven years after his death his eldest son, Charles, ascended the throne as King of Great Britain. son held much more intimate relations, as monarch, with the English-American colonies than the father. The Charles II., King of England; son and successor of Charles I.; born in London, May 29, 1630. His mother was Henrietta CHARLES II. Maria, daughter of Henry IV. of France, and sister of the then reigning King of that realm. As the fortunes of his father waned, his mother returned to France, Hague, he heard of the death of his parent by the axe, when he assumed the title of King, and was proclaimed such at Edinburgh, Feb. 3, 1649. He was crowned at Scone, Scotland, Jan. 1, 1651. After an unsuccessful warfare with Cromwell for the throne, he fled to Paris; and finally he became a resident of Breda, in Belgium, whence he was called to England by a vote of Parliament, and restored to the Charlesk throne, May 8, 1660. He was a very profligate monarch-indolent, amiable, and unscrupulous. He misgoverned England twenty-five years in an arbitrary manner, and disgraced the nation. He became a Roman Catholic, although professing to be a Protestant; and, when dying from a stroke of apoplexy, Feb. 6, 1685, he confessed to a Roman Catholic priest, and received extreme unction. The throne descended to his brother James, an avowed Roman Catholic. See JAMES II. In March, 1663, Charles II. granted to several of his courtiers the vast domain of the Carolinas in America. They were men, most of them past middle life in years, and possessed of the "easy virtues" which distinguished the reign of that profligate monarch. They begged the domain under pretence of a "pious zeal for the propagation of the Gospel among the heathen," while their real object was to rob the "heathen" of these valuable lands, and to accumulate riches and honors for themselves. It is said that when these petitioners appeared before Charles in the gardens at Hampton Court, and presented their memorial so full of pious pretensions, the monarch, after looking each man in the face for a moment, with a merry twinkle in his eyes, burst into loud laughter, in which his audience joined involuntarily. Then taking up a little shaggy spaniel, with large meek eyes, and holding it at arm's-length before them, he said, Good friends, here is a model of piety and sincerity which it might be wholesome landed at different points. Then the com for you to copy." Then, tossing the little pet to Clarendon, he said, "There, Hyde, is a worthy prelate; make him archbishop of the domain I shall give you." With grim satire, Charles introduced into the preamble of their charter that the petitioners, "excited with a laudable and pious zeal for the propagation of the Gospel, have begged a certain country in the parts of America not yet cultivated and planted, and only inhabited by some barbarous people who have no knowledge of God." See NORTH CAROLINA; SOUTH CAROLINA. Charleston, city, port of entry, and commercial metropolis of South Carolina; on a peninsula between the Cooper and Ashley rivers, which unite in forming an admirable harbor; 82 miles northeast of Savannah, Ga. The city was founded in 1680 by an English colony; was occupied by the British in 1780-82; and was the State capital till 1790. It has been the scene of many stirring and historical events. The celebrated Democratic National Convention of 1860 was opened here, and after the split among the delegates an adjourned session was held in Baltimore. It was the birthplace, the same year, of the Secession movement; the first act of hostility to the national government occurred here (see SUMTER, FORT; BEAUREGARD, PIERRE GUSTAVE TOUTANT); was besieged and bombarded during the last two years of the war; and was evacuated by the Confederates on Feb. 17, 1865. On Aug. 31, 1886, a large part of the city was destroyed by an earthquake, in which many lives were lost. In the fiscal year ending June 30, 1900, the foreign trade of the port was: Imports, $1,124,671; exports, $7,151,720. In 1899 the assessed valuation of all taxable property was $17,293,458. The population in 1890 was 54,955; in 1900, 55,807. History. Provoked by the attack on St. Augustine by the South Carolinians in 1706, the Spaniards fitted out an expedition to retaliate. It consisted of five vessels of war, under the command of the French Admiral Le Feboure, bearing a large body of troops from Havana. It was proposed to conquer the province of South Carolina and attach it to Spanish territory in Florida. The squadron crossed Charleston Bar (May. 1706), and about 800 troops were mander made a peremptory demand for the surrender of the city, threatening to take it by storm in case of refusal. Governor Moore, apprised of the expedition, was prepared for it. When the flag arrived with the demand for a surrender, he had so disposed the provincial militia and a host of Indian warriors that it gave an exaggerated idea of the strength of the Carolinians. Before the messenger had made any extended observations he was dismissed with the defiant reply that the people were ready to meet the promised attack. That night was passed in quiet; but at dawn a strong party of Carolinians on the shore, led by the governor and Colonel Rhett, made a furious assault upon the invaders; killed many, captured more, and drove the remnant back to their ships. Meanwhile the little provincial navy, lying in the harbor, prepared to attack the invading squadron, when the French admiral, amazed by this display of valor, hoisted his anchors and fled to sea. A French war-ship, uninformed of these events, soon afterwards sailed into the harbor with troops, and was captured. The victory was complete, and the Spaniards became circumspect. In the Revolutionary War.-In the spring of 1776 a considerable fleet, under Admiral Sir Peter Parker, sailed from England with troops, under Earl Cornwallis, to operate against the coasts of the Southern provinces. This armament joined that of Sir Henry Clinton at Cape Fear. After some marauding operations in that region, the united forces proceeded to Charleston Harbor, to make a combined attack by land and water upon Fort Sullivan, on Sullivan's Island, and then to seize the city and province. The Southern patriots had cheerfully responded to the call of Governor Rutledge to come to the defence of Charleston, and about 6,000 armed men were in the vicinity when the enemy appeared. The city and eligible points near had been fortified. Fort Sullivan was composed of palmetto logs and earth, armed with twentysix cannon, and garrisoned by about 500 men, chiefly militia, under Col. William Moultrie. It commanded the channel leading to the town. Gen. Charles Lee, who had been ordered by Washington to watch |