world by destroying, if possible every sentiment of reverence for divine law. Its avowed purpose is the murder of all who represent the hand of legislation. "Extirpate the miserable brood, extirpate the wretches!" is the published demand of one of the prominent leaders of the cult, and in pursuance of his purpose he publishes explicit directions for making bombs and putting them in public places where as many persons may be reached as possible by either death or hopeless mutilation. He publishes a dictionary of poisons and gives explicit directions for getting them into the food of government officials and other public men. This is not the criminal tendency of one man-not the vagaries of an individual to whom we have charitably applied the term "lunatic,” it is the official utterance of the murderous cult which now assails all law and threatens all public men. The anarchist congress of Geneva in 1882 issued a manifesto, which began thus: "Our enemy, it is our master. Anarchists-that is to say, men without chiefs-we fight against all who are invested or wish to invest themselves with any kind of power whatsoever. Our enemy is the landlord who owns the soil and makes the peasant drudge for his profit. Our enemy is the employer who owns the workshop, and has filled it with wage-serfs. Our enemy is the state, monarchical, oligarchic, democratic, working class, with its functionaries and its services of officers, magistrates and police. Our enemy is every abstract authority, whether called Devil or Good God, in the name of which priests have so long governed good souls. Our enemy is the law, always made for the oppression of the weak by the strong, and for the justification and consecration of crime." A meeting of 600 anarchists-chiefly Germans and Austrians, but including also many others-was held at Paris on April 20, 1884 and passed a resolution urgently recommending the extirpation of princes, capitalists and parsons by means of "the propaganda of the deed.” The congress held at London in 1881, which sought to re-establish the international on purely anarchist lines, adopted a declaration of principles, containing among other things the following: "It is a matter of strict necessity to make all possible efforts to propagate by deeds the revolutionary idea and the spirit of revolt among that great section of the mass of the people which as yet takes no part in the movement, and entertains illusions about the morality and efficacy of legal means. In quitting the legal ground on which we have generally remained hitherto, in order to carry our action into the domain of illegality, which is the only way leading to revolution, it is necessary to have recourse to means which are in conformity with that end. *** The congress recommends organizations and individuals constituting part of the international Working Men's Association to give great weight to the study of the technical and chemical sciences as a means of defense and attack." The object of this violence is partly, as we see from the above quotation, to inflame the spirit of revolt and disorder in the working classes; and it is partly to terrorize the bourgeoisie, so that they may yield in pure panic all they possess. But for its expressly violent policy, anarchism would be at least formidable or offensive manifestation of contemporary socialism. For, in the first place, its specific doctrine is one which it is really difficult to get the most ordinary common sense puzzled into accepting. Men in their better mind may be ready enough to listen to specious, or even not very specious, schemes of reform that hold out a promise of extirpating misery, and in their worst mind they may be quite as prone to think that if everybody had his own, there would be fewer rich; but they are not likely to believe we can get on without law or government. Even the vainest will feel that however superfluous these institutions may be for themselves, they are still unhappily indispensable for some of their neighbors. The results of this fatal teaching have left many a crimson stain upon two continents. NOTABLE ASSASSINATIONS AND ATTEMPTS DURING THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. George III. of England, attempt by Margaret Nicholson on August 2, 1786, and by James Hatfield on May 15, 1800. Napoleon I. of France, attempt by use of an infernal machine on December 24, 1800. Czar Paul of Russia, killed by nobles of his court on March 24, 1801. Spencer Percival, premier of England, killed by Bellingham on May 11, 1812. George IV. of England, attempt on January 28, 1817. August Kotzebue of Germany, killed by Earl Sand for political motives on March 23, 1819. Charles duc de Berri, killed on February 13, 1820. Andrew Jackson. president of the United States, attempt on January 30, 1835. Louis Philippe of France, six attempts: By Fieschi, on July 28, 1835; by Alibaud, on June 25, 1836; by Miunier, on December 27, 1836; by Darmos, on October 16, 1840; by Lecompte, on April 14, 1846; by Henry, on July 19, 1846. Denis Affre, archbishop of Paris, on June 27, 1848. Rossi, Comte Pellegrino, Roman statesman, on November 15, 1848. Daniel, Prince of Montenegro, on August 13, 1860. Abraham Lincoln, president of the United States, at Ford's Theater, Washington, by John Wilkes Booth, on the evening of April 14; died on April 15, 1865. Michael, Prince of Servia, on June 10, 1868. George Darboy, archbishop of Paris, by communists, on May 24, 1871. Richard, Earl of Mayo, governor general of India, by Shere Ali, a convict, in Andaman Islands, on February 8, 1872. Amadeus, Duke of Aosta, when King of Spain, attempt on July 19, 1872. Prince Bismarck, attempt by Blind on May 7, 1866; by Kullman on July 13, 1874. Abdul Aziz, Sultan of Turkey, on June 4, 1876. Hussein Avni and other Turkish ministers, by Hassan, a Circassian officer, on June 15, 1876. William I. of Prussia and Germany, attempts by Oscar Becker on July 14, 1861; by Hodel on May 11, 1878; by Dr. Nobiling on June 2, 1878. Mehemit Ali, pasha, by Albanians on September 7, 1878. Lord Lytton, viceroy of India, attempt by Busa on December 12, 1878. Alfonso XII. of Spain, attempts by J. O. Moncasi on October 25, 1878; by Francisco Otero Gonzalez on December 30, 1879. Loris Melikoff, Russian general, attempt on March 4, 1880. Bratiano, premier of Roumania, attempt by J. Pietraro on December 14, 1880. Alexander II. of Russia, attempts by Karakozow at St. Petersburg on April 16, 1866; by Berozowski at Paris on June 6, 1867; on April 14, 1879, Salovieff shot at the emperor of all the Russias in the streets of St. Petersburg, but without effect, though the assailant was punished for his crime. In the same year the royal train was wrecked by dynamite, but again the czar escaped. On February 17, 1880, the dining-room of the winter palace was wrecked by a terrific explosion, but the czar had not yet entered the room, as the anarchists supposed. Ten soldiers of the guard were destroyed in this dastardly attempt upon the life of the emperor. The final and successful attempt upon the life of Alexander II. was made March 13, 1881, when the bomb thrown by Ryaskoff missed the mark and immediately another was thrown by Elnikoff, which killed the emperor and also the murderer. James A. Garfield, president of the United States, shot by Charles J. Guiteau on July 2, 1881. Mayor Carter H. Harrison of Chicago, shot by Prendergast on October 28, 1893. Marie Francois Carnot, president of France, stabbed mortally at Lyons by Cesare Santo, an anarchist, on Sunday, June 24, 1894. Stanislaus Stambuloff, ex-premier of Bulgaria, killed by four persons, armed with revolvers and knives, on July 25, 1895. Nasr-ed-din, shah of Persia, was assassinated on May 1, 1896, as he was entering a shrine near his palace. The man who shot him was disguised as a woman and is believed to have been the tool of a band of conspirators. He was caught and suffered the most horrible death that Persian ingenuity could invent. Prim, marshal of Spain, on December 28; died on December 30, 1870. Michel Angolillo, alias Golli, an Italian anarchist, at Santa Agueda, Juan Idiarte Borda, president of Uruguay, killed on August 25, 1897, at Jose Maria Reyna Barrios, president of Guatemala, killed at Guatemala City on February 8, 1898, by Oscar Solinger. Empress Elizabeth of Austria, brilliant, beautiful and well beloved, stabbed by Luchini, a French-Italian anarchist, at Geneva, Switzerland, on September 10, 1898. William Goebel, democratic claimant to the governorship of Kentucky, shot by a person unknown on Tuesday, January 30, 1900, while on his way to the state capital in Frankfort, Ky. Humbert, king of Italy, shot to death on July 29, 1900, at Monza, Italy, by Angelo Bresci. Albert Edward, then Prince of Wales, now king of England, attempt by Brussels anarchist on April 4, 1900. William McKinley, president of the United States, shot at Buffalo on September 6, 1901. Died September 14, 1901. Unfortunately, this is not the first appearance of the cult on Amer ican soil. On the night of May 4, 1886, a circular call had gathered several hundred anarchists together in Haymarket square, Chicago. There had been more or less trouble between the police and this class of incendiaries who made the vehicle of "free speech" the means of defying and insulting the power that protected them, even in their defiance of law, and on this fateful night, six companies of police, numbering 174 men, marched from the Desplaines street station to disperse the crowds. Inspector Bonfield and Captain Ward were in command. Captain Ward advanced to the wagon upon which Samuel Fielden stood, with others, and ordered them to disperse. "We are peaceable,” shouted Fielden, and this was evidently the signal which had been agreed upon, for at that instant a man upon the wagon arose, lighted a bomb and threw it into the ranks of the policemen, and this was followed by a fusilade of shots from both sides. When a semblance of order had been restored it was found that Officer M. J. Degan had been killed, six other policemen fatally injured and sixty-six persons wounded. Arrests followed, six of the principals were condemned to death and three others were sent to the penitentiary. For five years or more these salutary punishments had the effect of keeping the serpent of anarchy partially out of sight. Meetings were not often held in public, and when they were, the utterances did not counsel murder; the anarchists went back to their old haunts and held their secret meetings behind the closed doors of the saloons where their crimes had been so largely planned. Thus for a century and more the black heart and cruel hand of anarchy have stained its pathway with blood in pursuance of its avowed object. Rooted in a theory which denies the very existence of God, they ignore the fact that man must and will obey something—if not the higher principles of law and order, then they become the slaves of their own brutal passions-the helpless victims of their own uncontrolled and vicious impulses. How truly are they "brought into captivity to the law of sin which is in their members.' The dangerous class is not the illiterate. The leaders of this lawlessness are often those who have been trained in science and letters, but from lack of conscience and moral culture they become a menace to society. Secular education alone leads to a one-sided and morbid development; it is the brilliant and accomplished villain who perpetrates the great wrongs upon humanity; the people are robbed by the great manipulators of the markets and not by the petty thieves. The unlettered negroes of the United States were always loyal to the government; the colored man is largely possessed of the faults of the white man, but disloyalty is not one of them. Herbert Spencer says that: "The discipline of science is superior |