In this case likewise maru, at first a term of endearment, became later one of high esteem (8), and hence its inapplicability to any boat of small dimensions (9)......

(1) The reader is warned that all the changes the use of maro or maru underwent were never actually in so precisely lineal an order as the text would have them. More over, once developed, none of the varied applications has ever come to a complete close. For instance, the ' Ookagami,' written c. 1124-41 (ed. Hakubunkwan, 1892, p. 180), mentions a crown prince in the last decade of the tenth century who styled himself maro before his consort, but it shows that prior to this, a grandee, Fudjiwara no Sanesuke, had already his infantile name Taikakumaru (p. 70).

66

in Dohi's 'Honchô Saibashu,' 1761, only two have such names, viz., Fushimaru (tenth century) and Shishimaru (twelfth century).

maru.

(5) Many adults, without going through the ceremony of initiation, retained the to the field as pages, and were not seldom They mostly followed their masters distinguished no less for prowess than for personal beauty.

Buddhist system of keeping in the cloisters
(6) Chigos, or infants, originated in the
the young novices with unshaven heads,
who steadily became the sincere attendants
on their instructors. Thence, down to the
acted as inveterate corrupters of clerical
commencement of the present régime, they
morals. See Xavier, Lettres,' traduites
par M. Léon Pagès, Paris, 1855, 1. vi. p. 151;
Caron, Account of Japan,' in Pinkerson,
Voyages and Travels,' 1811, vol. vii. pp. 630-
631; G. Candidius, 'Some Curious Remarks
upon the Potent Empire of Japan,' in
Churchill, Voyages and Travels,' 1752,
Cf. Henri Estienne, Apologie
pour Hérodote,' ed. Ristelhuber, Paris,
1879, tom. ii. p. 29, where it is said :-

(2) Maro as a suffix to personal names apparently came into vogue in the seventh century: the two persons first made the Left and " Right" Ministers, 665 A.D., both had their names ending with maro ('Annals of Japan,' 720, lib. xxv.). The eighth century witnessed its employment vol. i. p. 485. pervading all the people, regardless of caste or rank (see Kume, Narachôshi,' 1907, passim ; cf. Dickins, op. cit., p. 324, note). After the ninth century, however, the change of fashion brought about its general desuetude, its place, though to a much less extent, being taken by maru, e.g. Semimaru (a renowned blind bard who flourished early in the tenth century, and for whom see A Japanese Thoreau of the Twelfth Century,' by Minakata Kumagusu and F. V. Dickins, in the Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, London, April, 1905, p. 250, note 7), and Kidômaru, Chôbukumaru, and Tasuimaru (the three notorious brigands, about 1000 A.D.).

(3) The unexcised text of the Konjaku Monogatari (eleventh century) has sarumaru for saru, or ape. A particular breed of game fowl introduced in recent times from abroad receives the appellation tômaru, or foreign maru; and the sushi, or rice and vinegar preparation, eaten with_roast_eel caught in the river Udji, is celebrated as Udjimaru.

(4) Besides the objects, both animate and inanimate, which MR. PLATT says Prof. Chamberlain has enumerated as sometimes to be individualized with maru, I find many draught oxen and several gamecocks thus called (Shungiu Ekotoba in Hanawa's Collection,' reprint 1894, vol. xviii. pp. 919943; Tachibana no Narisue, Kokon Chomonshû,' 1254, sec. xxx.). But contrariwise, out of the 232 famous horses recorded

"On fait aussi plusieurs contes de Cordeliers et de Jacobins surpris en menant avec eux leurs putanes habillées en novices; et de faicts ç'a esté une subtile invention de se faire permettre de mener des novices, pour sous ce titre avoir toujours ou un bardache, ou une garse"; and Voltaire, Dictionnaire Philosophique,' ed. Touquet, 1822, tom. i. p. 281, with the remark:

6

toujours un peu adonnés à la pédérastie. C'est la "Les moins chargés d'élever la jeunesse ont été suite nécessaire du célibat auquel ces pauvres gens sont condamnés."

6

Now we have a curious anthology, 'Zoku Monyô Wakashû,' dated 1304, preserved in Hanawa's Collection,' wherein not a single to the fair sex, its place being throughout poem occurs either composed by or addressed occupied by the chigos, whose verses, together with those of the prelates and priests, make up the whole contents. And I find in it the names altogether of forty-nine boys, suffixed with maru without a single exception, which indicates amply how the spread of the honorific word went pari passu with that of the vice italien.

The

(7) The primitive Japanese deemed navigation an affair of very serious moment. Chinese History of the After Han Dynasty" says:

"When the Japanese go on a voyage, they choose a man whom they tabu in their interest. He must abstain from combing and washing as well as from

eating flesh and going near women [compare the Polynesian usage of tabuing ships to women, Waitz, Anthropologie der Naturvölker,' Leipzig, 1872, Bd. VII. s. 348]. In the event of the voyage result. ing in happiness and gain he is rewarded with treasure; but in case they meet with sickness or damage he is slain by the infuriated companions, for he must have infringed the tabu."

·

Kawaichimaru (“Unique in the River"), Oozekimaru ("Great Champion "), &c. About twenty years later they were forbidden, chiefly because they frequently furnished an asylum to outlaws (Saitô, Bukô Nempyô,' 1849, tom. i., fol. 17a, &c.). In closing this lengthy reply I would ask the reader not to conclude from the above notes that the Japanese never viewed vessels as of the feminine gender. That, in fact, they sometimes associated female character with ships is attested by their glossarium eroticum, which comprises such nouns Hikifune (" Drawing-Boat "), Shinzô (“New Vessel "), &c., applied to certain varieties. of fair Corinthians (see Fûrai, Rokuroku. Bushû,' 18th cent., sub' Life of Ochiyo '). KUMAGUSU MINAKATA.

Tanabe, Kii, Japan.

66

as

"John

According to the Annals of Japan,' lib. vii. sub 110 A.D., when Prince Yamatodake had his passage to Kadzusa suddenly endangered by a hurricane, one of his concubines drowned herself to appease the wrath of the sea-god. The 'Second Annals,' 797, lib. xxiv. records under October, 763, that a sea-captain was then put in gaol, because in the recent voyage back from Liau-tung under his conduct, he had caused four persons-two women and a babe, all of foreign extraction, and an eccentric religious to be thrown overboard, suspecting them to have been the main cause of a terrible meteoric perturbation. It mentions SIR GEORGE MONOUX (10 S. viii. 10, 90).also that in February, 717, the Japanese He apparently was not son (as stated ante, envoy, before journeying to China, cere- p. 90), but great-grandson, of moniously propitiated the native deities Monoux, of Stanford, co. Worcester, gent.,' (lib. vii.); and that in April, 751, the em- being only son of "Richard Monoux, of peror sent offerings specifically to the Ise London, Salter as stated in the first of the Temple and other Shinto sanctuaries, with three pedigrees referred to, all of which prayers for the safe arrival of the embassy however, differ widely from each other. This shortly to be dispatched to China (lib. xviii.). affiliation agrees with the statement in In March, 758, two ships for conveying Stow's London' that he was 'born in envoys to China-one named Harima after a London," and is confirmed (if, indeed, it is province, and the other Hayatori, or Swift not proved) by the ultimate remainder of Bird-were raised to the junior rank of the his estates being to the heirs male of "Richard lower fifth order, as if they were gods or Monoux, of Berkhampstead, Herts, Salter.' men (id., lib. xx.); in August, 763, the In the above-quoted pedigree his cousin Sado (also called after a province), a govern- Thomas (only son of his uncle John) has ment transport, was awarded the same three children, viz. (1) George, who continues honour and a brocaded cap, an ex voto the line; (2) William, who died s.p.; and promised on the occasion of her meeting a (3) Anne, who married Thomas Carpenter. tempest on the homeward route from Corea This agrees with the Lord Mayor's will of (lib. xxiv.). For many other examples of 1541, wherein he devises his estate to William the heartfelt hardships and excessive dread Monoux, then aged eight years, second son of navigation in those ages, see Dickins, of Thomas Monoux, late of Walthamstow, op. cit., p. 219, &c.; Kume, op. cit., passim; with remainder to Anne, also a minor, sister Ikeda, Heianchôshi,' 1907, pp. 133-35, 268. of the said William. He himself died (8) The Nipponmaru, constructed by 9 Feb., 1543/4, certainly without any order of Hideyoshi, 1591, is said to be the surviving issue, though he appears to have first instance of a ship named maru (Haga had a son George, who had a son William, and Shimoda, Nihon Katei Hyakka Jii,' both of whom died s.p. in his lifetime. 1906, p. 1197). This statement, taken to- married daughters are frequently attributed gether with the preceding paragraph, would to him, as well as two grandsons—“ John. impel us to infer the application of the suffix Denney, of How in Norfolk," and “ George to vessels that had never experienced such Dacres, of Hartford." As to one of these vicissitudes as Saitô speaks of: in short, daughters (whose name is not given), said from the outset of this usage, it was a term to have married 'William Woodall, of both endearing and honorific. Essex, she may possibly have existed at some date before 1541; but as to the other, called Elizabeth, said to have married firstly Denny, and secondly Dacres, and to be the

(9) During the years 1658-60 fashion made the samurais style their galleys for summer excursions on the river Sumida

66

Two

[MR. W. JAGGARD also suggests Wiveliscombe.] "MAREBOAKE": "VIERE (10 S. vii. 448; viii. 15).—“ Feer " or " fier," probably a variant of viere," is an agricultural term regularly used in Scotland at the present time. To "feer" a ridge is to draw the dividing furrow at each side of it, an operation requiring at once expert knowledge | Kipling.]

"NIT BEHAMEY,' YIDDISH PHRASE (10 S. viii. 46).—No one has greater respect for MR. PLATT'S repertory of linguistic lore than myself, therefore I regret to find myself unable to accept his new Yiddish phrase as it stands. I have never heard it in that form. In cultured circles one may hear sometimes "You are a behymah, which means precisely what MR. PLATT has stated it to be. Perhaps the new phrase among Jewish dealers may be Nit, you behymah!" used when would-be buyer has offered a lower figure for the article than it is really worth in the " open market," and uttered by way of caution by some shrewd merchant. No Jew would say behamey. M. L. R. BRESLAR.

some

to the unfavourable nature of the ground, but now it fell in with the great body of the enemy's baggage, the Hussar Brigade was ordered to advance. There the guard of which was charged and dispersed by a squadron of the Tenth, led by Capt. Henry Wyndham and the Marquis of Worcester. While engaged in securing prisoners, &c., some of the enemy's rear with the intention of attacking. The men cavalry came out of the town and formed in its of the Tenth, however, were soon rallied, and, being formed into two squadrons, kept their ground, although a column of French infantry was advancing. The latter, after firing a volley into our squadrons, which killed and wounded a few men and horses, retired, but, the ground being much intersected with ditches and ravines, the regiment was prevented from charging, although it frustrated every attempt of the enemy to carry off the baggage While the other which had been captured.+ squadrons were assisting in securing the fruits of the battle, Capt. Wyndham continued the pursuit, 'Dowв" (10 S. vii. 509; viii. 54).and, coming up with the carriage of Joseph Buonaparte, is said to have fired into it as the occupants "Dowb " was a young officer, by name were making their escape. The whole regiment, Dowbiggin, who was with the English force which throughout the battle had been under the before Sebastopol in 1855. He was a nephew command of Major Robarts, now followed the flying of Lord Panmure, then Minister of War. enemy with the rest of the British cavalry until His friends in England were anxious for after sunset, and bivouacked on the Pampeluna road for the night. Writing of this great battle, his safety, and a telegram was sent out Napier says: "Never was a victory more complete. through the War Office to the head-quarters The French carried off but two pieces of artillery. of the British army, "Take care of Dowb." Jourdan's marshal's bâton, Joseph's private carThe order was not understood, and its ex-riages and sword of state, one hundred and forty planation was received with laughter. The three pieces of cannon, ammunition, treasure, incident found its way into English news-loss of the French was about 6,000 killed and everything fell into the hands of the victors. The papers, and it was long before Dowbiggin wounded, that of the Allies 5,176." heard the last of that telegram.

46

JOHN P. STILWELL.

[R. B. and MR. T. WHITE also thanked for replies.]

NAPOLEON'S CARRIAGE: JOSEPH BONAPARTE'S CARRIAGE (10 S. vii. 170, 236, 313, 357, 393, 434).-The Berlin correspondent of The Observer, in explaining (30 June) a dispute between Prince Blücher von Wahlstadt and his second son, writes :—

"This opportunity was seized by Prince Blücher's son to lay claim to several of the Blücher mementoes (including Napoleon I.'s celebrated travellingcoach, seized after the battle of Belle Alliance), which was [were?] in the possession of his father. The loss of this trophy went to the Prince's heart. He repurchased it from his son, and, in order to prevent the possibility of the Blücher - Napoleon trophies again passing out of his hands at any time, had them shipped immediately to England.” This is decidedly interesting reading.

39, Hillmarton Road, N.

ALECK ABRAHAMS.

The capture of Joseph Bonaparte's carriage is thus described in the regimental history of the 10th Royal Hussars :

"On the morning of the 21st June, Lord Wellington saw the hill in front of Arinez denuded of French troops; he advanced the cavalry to that post, the Tenth being in support. Up to this time the regiment had not been much employed, owing

W. J. ATTELL.

HIGHLANDERS BARBADOSED AFTER THE 1715 AND '45 REBELLIONS (10 S. viii. 68).-With regard to the third query at the above reference, the following lists of persons banished to Barbados in 1687 are to be found in A Cloud of Witnesses,' Glasgow, 1836, p. 372. 1687" :

The first list is dated "Anno

John Ford, Walter M'Min, Adam Hood, John MacGhie, Peter Russel, Thomas Jackson, Charles Dougal, James Griston, John Harvie, James Forsyth, George Johnston, John Steven, Robert Young, John Gilfillan, Andrew Paterson, John Kincaid, Robert Main, James Muirhead, George Muir, John Henderson, Anaple Jackson, Anaple Gordon, Jean Moffat.

The date of the second list is more pre-
cise " Anno 1687, March 30th ":-
:-

John Stewart, James Douglas, John Russel,
James Hamilton, William Hannay, George
White, Gilbert M'Culloch, Thomas Brown,
John Brown, William Hay, John Wright,
John Richard, Alexander Bailie, Marion
Weir, Bessy Weir, Isabel Steel, Isabel
Cassils, Agnes Keir.
W. S.
Wymans have just issued another volume
of a Calendar of Jacobite MSS. at Windsor
Castle, 1715-17.

66

66

Hotten's Emigrants' shows names of prisoners exported at various dates. I think it is very awkward for their descendants, as you cannot distinguish between prisoners of war 'and transported thieves.' A. C. H. If MR. J. G. CRUIKSHANK will turn to 10 S. iv. 66, he will find that I state that I have the names of the Jacobite rebels transported to America and the West Indies. It includes many English as well as Scotch. GERALD FOTHERGILL.

11, Brussels Road, New Wandsworth, S. W. "LOMBARD STREET TO A CHINA ORANGE (10 S. viii. 7).-Another and perhaps a more effective form of this expression occurs in George Daniel's farce' Sworn at Highgate' (London, 1826; first performed at Sadler's Wells 1 Oct., 1832; included in Cumberland's Minor Theatre,' vol. xxii.). In Act I. sc. iv. Billy Buffalo says:

"Business! it's pleasure! I'm come on a matrimonial expedition to marry a tip-top lady, all strut and streamers; though I'd bet Lombard Street to a Brummagem sixpence, that she's not half as handsome as my old flame, Miss Peggy Styles, of

Penzance."

ALECK ABRAHAMS.

Sandgate.

TWO OLD PROVERBS (10 S. vii. 407, 457; viii. 55).—I add the following short references with regard to "Toujours perdrix from my notes for a work which I hope may one day see the light, on the subject of the sources and analogues of the tales in the Decameron.' The Arabic versions of 'The Seven Sages' contained in some versions of The 1,001 Nights' (ed. Habicht und Hagen, Nos. 980-81, vol. xv. p. 157); Burton's Arabian Nights,' original ed., p. 129, vol. vi., and p. 43, vol. v. ed. 1894; Payne's Arabian Nights,' 1883, vol. xv. p. 263. See also another version in the 'Supplemental Arabian Nights,' Burton, vol. ix. P., 120, ed. 1894, from the Breslau ed., vol. viii. pp. 273-8, nights 675-6; La Pantoufle du Sultan' in Cardonne's 'Mélanges de Littérature orientale,' 1771, p. 5, A China orange was a "sweet taken from a Turkish collection called to distinguish it from a sour or Seville Adjaib-el-Measar.' See Clouston's notes to orange : a small parcel of China and vol. ii. p. 378 of Burton's 'Supplemental Sour Oranges just imported (Daily Adver- Nights'; MR. AXON at 9 S. xii. 223, 261; tiser, 23 Jan., 1742); and the proper form Conde Lucanor,' where the tale is told of should, I think, be All Lombard Street," Saladin, but in a different form; the pro&c., in allusion, of course, to the pecuniary verbs of Antonio Cornazano, where the dish wealth represented by that historic thorough-is beans; and Cent Nouvelles Nouvelles," fare. Thomas Moore in his Tom Cribb's No. 10, which is the same as La Fontaine's. Memorial to Congress,' p. 38, is quoted by Manni, Istoria del Decamerone,' p. 156, Farmer and Henley as using the phrase thinks it is historical, and quotes at length "All Lombard Street to ninepence ; and the wearisome story from Book III. of the in The Sun (now defunct) of 7 June, 1898, history of the kingdom of Naples by the occurred the following:SanArchbishop Paolo Emilio Santorio. sovino has also taken it into the first tale of the second day of his Cento Novelle.' A. COLLINGWOOD LEE.

66

:

66

orange

"After Mr. Justice Hawkins's summing up yesterday, Lombard Street to a China orange did not represent the odds against Horsford. It was an uncommonly clumsy murder."

Waltham Abbey, Essex.

6