OBJECTS.-This Institution was established in 1839 in the City of PEDIGREES TRACED: Evidences of Descent

Francis, who died on April 6, 1882, and was for more than fifty years THE AUTHOR'S HAIRLESS PAPER-PAD.

The principal features of the Rules governing election to all Pensions STICKPHAST PASTE is miles better than Gum

relief is awarded in accordance with the merits and requirements of CELESTIAL

LONDON, SATURDAY, JULY 13, 1907.

CONTENTS.-No. 185. NOTES:-Swift and Temple's Letters, 21-Cromwell and Milton: a Famous Picture, 22-Arrow-breaking: its Moral Lessons-St. Peter-le-Poer Church, Old Broad Street, 25 -St. Thomas's Church, Bream's Buildings-Moravian Chapel, Fetter Lane Greensted Church, Ongar "Bloom" in Iron Manufacture, 26-Newport, Essex"Mink": its Meaning-"Slink":"Slinking," 27. QUERIES:-Southy's Authentic Memoirs of George III. Packhorse Crooks - Hamilton Brown - Library in St. Martin's Street-Lieut.-Col. Valentine Jones-Graeme, 27 -"Devachan❞— William Hogsflesh, Cricketer- Robert Grave, Printseller-"Beau" as a Nickname-Gutteridge or Goodridge Family, 28- George III.'s DaughtersFrench-Canadian Literature-"Palates"-Panel Inscription - Houses without Fireplaces or Chimneys - Irish Pedigrees: Social Condition of Ireland under the Tudors -Jamaica Records, 29-Barnaby Blackwell, BankerMajor Roderick Mackenzie, 71st Regiment-Louis Napoleon: English Writings-English Regiments in Ireland Col. Cromwell, Royalist, 1646, 30. REPLIES:-Crosby Hall, 30-Halesowen, Worcestershire"Fiteres"-Rags, 31-Authors of Quotations Wanted, 32 -Cox's Orange Pippins-Lincolnshire Family's Chequered History: Walsh Family-Lowe and Wright-"Wax and curnels"-Musical Genius: is it Hereditary?-Good King Wenceslaus-The "Golden Angel" in St. Paul's Churchyard-Admiral Christ Epitaph, 33-Japanese and Chinese Lyrics-"Life-Star" Folk-fore, 34-Kirkstead Chapel, Lincs-"Horssekyns"-Princess Royal: Earliest Use of the Title "Gula Augusti," 35-B. V. M. and the Birth of Children - Towns unlucky for Kings - "Frittars or Greaves," 36" Bell-Comb" for Ringworm-"Kidnapper" -Tooke and Halley Families -Echidna-"Mulatto ""Passive Resister" -"Fire":"Fire out"-"Sobriquets and Nicknames '-School for the Indigent Blind, 37. NOTES ON BOOKS:-'The First Publishers of Truth''Archæologia Eliana' 'Dictionary of the Bible Reviews and Magazines.

Notes.

SWIFT AND TEMPLE'S LETTERS. IN Sir Henry Craik's very full 'Life of Jonathan Swift' it is stated that "to Swift the will of [Sir William] Temple left little beyond the doubtful privilege of editing his works. The provision was small, and the duty was specially irksome...... The works, which were issued in five volumes, at intervals of some years, seem to have been well received...... Finally, Swift's duties as editor brought him into violent and public collision with Lady Giffard, who assumed the part of defender of her brother's reputation against the neglect of Swift."-Second edition, vol. i. pp. 95-6.

The Post Man, and the Historical Account, &c., of the same date, appeared the following advertisement :

Yesterday was published,

** Letters written by Sir William Temple, during his being Ambassador at the Hague, to the Earl of Arlington, and Sir John Trevor, Secretaries of State to K. Charles II. Wherein are discovered many Secrets hitherto concealed. Published from the Originals, under Sir William Temple's own Hand And Dedicated to the Right Honourable Sir Thomas Littleton, Speaker of the House of Commons. By D. Jones, Gent. Printed and are to be Sold by A. Baldwin in Warwicklane.

This was repeated in The Flying Post of May 23/25, and in The Post Man of June 1-3; but in the former journal of June 1-3 a revised advertisement ran thus :

The Letters Written by Sir William Temple, during his being Ambassador at the Hague, in the Reign of King Charles II. being lately published from the Originals by a Person of undoubted Reputation, who has already and is still ready to produce them of Sir William's own Hand Writing to any that are curious to see them. And the Bookseller having purchased the said Letters for a valuable Consideration, if any out of Malice or Interest reprints them (they having met with an extraordinary kind Reception) he must expect the first Undertaker will do himself Justice, either by a speedy Abridgement of any Copy, such a Pirate hath or shall hereafter print; or, by printing the same in a very small Character, as he thinks it worth his while. The Originals may be seen where and in the manner the Preface directs. And the Genuine Letters was only sold by Anne Baldwin, near the Oxford Arms, in Warwick-Lane.

But simultaneously a counterblast was advertised in The Post-Boy and The Flying Post, both of June 1-3, in these terms:

I am directed by the Reverend Mr. Jonathan Swift (to whom Sir William Temple, Baronet, left the care of his Writings) to give Notice, that with all convenient speed he will publish a Collection of Letters from the Year 1665 to 1672. Written by Sir William Temple, Baronet, containing a compleat History of those times, both at Home and Abroad, which Letters were all Reviewed by the Author some time before his death, and digested into method by his Order.

JACOB TONSON.

From this point no further trace of the dispute is to be found in the contemporary journals, and it may be concluded, therefore, to have been amicably arranged; but it is of the more interest to find this early connexion of Swift with The Post-Boy, though only by means of advertisement, seeing that in Esmond' (Book III. chap. v.) Thackeray's hero,

But it would seem from the advertisement columns of the contemporary London newspapers that there was something of "violent and public collision," though in another quarter, at the very start. Temple died on 27 Jan., 1698/9: and on the eve of his departure to Ireland in the summer of the same year, as chaplain and secretary to Lord Berkeley, Swift prepared for publica-"having writ a paper for one of the Tory journals, tion the first volume of Temple's remains. called The Post-Boy...... was sitting at the printer's, It is, therefore, of special interest to find when the famous Doctor Swift came in...... I prethat in The Flying Post; or, The Post-sume you are the editor of The Post-Boy, sir?' says the Doctor, in a grating voice that had an Irish Master, from Thursday, May 18, to twang...... I am but a contributor, Doctor Swift,' Saturday, May 20, 1699," as well as in says Esmond."

But Swift himself, of course, had emphasized such a connexion, in what proved his greatest political days, by recording on the Christmas Day of 1711, in his 37th Letter to Stella, concerning poor Mrs. Long :"I have ordered a paragraph to be put in The Post-Boy, giving an account of her death, and making honourable mention of her; which is all I can do to serve her memory";

and again, in the 55th Letter, under date 17 Nov., 1712, he wrote:

"I have been drawing up a paragraph for The Post-Boy, to be put out to-morrow, and as malicious as possible, and very proper for Abel Roper, the printer of it."

This discovery of 1699 is of the more literary interest not only because it shows a close connexion between Jacob Tonson and Swift long before that previously known, but D. Jones, Gent.," who coolly because the described Swift as a Pirate," was obviously

66

that wondrous author-adventurer who wrote 'The Secret History of White Hall from the Restoration of Charles II. down to the Abdication of the late King James,' and for whose career see 'D.N.B.,' vol. xxx. pp. 92-3, and 1 S. xii. 267; 4 S. xi. 154. ALFRED F. ROBBINS.

of the fine print (engraving, in my case) For years I have been the lucky possessor presumably referred to, which bears the following inscription :

"London. Published 1854 by Owen Batley, 4, tector dictating the Letter to the Duke of Savoy to Arlington Street, Mornington Crescent. The Prostop the Persecution of the Protestants in Piedmont, 1655. From the original Picture in the possession of James Watts, Esq", Abney Hall, Cheshire." "to

Between the words "Savoy" and

66

CROMWELL AND MILTON: A FAMOUS stop
PICTURE.

MR. AUGUSTINE BIRRELL in his essay on Milton ('Obiter Dicta,' Second Series) says: "There is a print one sees about, representing Oliver Cromwell dictating a foreign despatch to John Milton; but it is all imagination, nor is there anything to prove that Cromwell and Milton were ever in the same room together, or exchanged words with one another."

" is inserted a circle with the words Magnum Sigillum. Reipub. Angliæ. Scotia. et. Hiberniæ on its inner rim, embracing the quarterings of the three kingdoms, with the motto "Pax quæritur Bello" beneath them on a scroll.

I have twice inspected "the original picture" at Abney Hall, a fine stretch of canvas overlooking the grand staircase and entrance hall, and regarded it, in my ignorance, as a splendid, if imaginative (because non-photographic) presentment of an actual fact. Mr. Birrell says it is worse than imaginative: it is imaginary. Will this judgment stand an impartial investigation? Let us see what can be made of both.

Within the limited compass of this passage there lie three statements which clamour loudly for refutation. Why their cry has been unheeded for, or been stifled by the dust of, twenty years and more is a present mystery to me. It is high time to give heed In a foot-note to Milton's exquisite sonnet to the call and respond in no uncertain tones. Had that call reached my ears when firstOn the late Massacre in Piedmont' it is uttered, it would have received an instant hearing and a quick response; as it is, its strident notes have but recently arrested my attention, and I hasten, after so long an interval, to give the answering call.

In his first assertion Mr. Birrell pours an airy scorn upon the print he refers to by branding it as nothing but a freak of imagination. He will hardly resent a fair if drastic criticism of this random utterance in the teeth of his own invitation to the readers of his other essay on Johnson :

stated (in my edition of the poet) that
"in 1665 the Duke of Savoy determined to make
Roman Church. All who refused compliance with
his reformed subjects in Piedmont return to the
the sovereign's will were masacred. Those who
escaped, concealed in their mountain fastnesses,
sent to Cromwell for relief. Cromwell com-
manded a general fast, and a national contribution
for the relief of the sufferers. 40,000/. were col-
lected. He then wrote to the Duke; and so great
was the terror of the English name-the Protector
threatened that his ships should visit Cività Vecchia
that the persecution was stopped."

If this be sound history, the truthfulness of

This day [3 June, 1655] the French Treaty, not unimportant to him, was to be signed: this day he refuses to sign it till the King [Louis XIV.] and Cardinal [Mazarin] undertake to assist him in getting right done in those poor valleys. He sends the poor exiles 2,000l. from his own purse; appoints a Day of Humiliation and a general collection over England for that object [14 June]...... How Envoys were sent; how blind Milton wrote Letters to all Protestant States calling on them for Cooperation; how the French Cardinal was shy to meddle, and yet had to meddle, and compel the Duke of Savoy to do justice......all this, recorded in the unread ablest stagnant deluges of old Official Correspondence, is very certain, and ought to be fished therefrom and made more apparent.'

Thus for the year 1655. Three years later, "the poor Protestants of Piedmont," writes Carlyle (ibid., p. 357),

“it appears, are again in a state of grievance, in a state of peril. The Lord Protector finds time to think of these poor people and their case. Here is a Letter to Ambassador Lockhart, who is now at Dunkirk Siege, in the French King and Cardinal's neighbourhood: a generous pious Letter; dictated to Thurloe, partly perhaps of Thurloe's composition, but altogether of Oliver's mind and sense. Among the Lockhart Letters in Thurloe, which are full of Dunkirk in these weeks, I can find no trace of this new Piedmont business: but in Milton's Latin State Letters, among the Litera Oliverii Protectoris, there are three, to the French King, to the Swiss Cantons, to the Cardinal, which all treat of it. The first of which, were it only as a sample of the Milton-Oliver Diplomacies, we will here copy, and translate that all may read it. An Emphatic State-Letter; which Oliver Cromwell meant, and John Milton thought and wrote into words; not unworthy to be read. It goes by the same Express as the Letter to Lockhart himself; and is very specially referred to there."

My next evidence for the accused consists of a pamphlet kindly placed at my disposal by Mr. James Watts, of Abney Hall, the present owner of the picture under discussion, and bearing the title:

"Description of the Grand Historical Picture, Cromwell dictating to Milton his Letter to the Duke of Savoy, demanding Religious Liberty for the Protestants of Piedmont, A.D. 1655. Painted by F. Newenham, Esq." The pamphlet is dated 1852, and is signed E. P. H. From it I make a few extracts:

"The Picture is of very large dimensions, the figures being life-size, and that of Cromwell in the erect attitude. The painter is the well-known and justly celebrated Mr. F. Newenham, and this magnificent production of his genius, having obtained the highest eulogiums of the artistic world, is now in process of engraving...... The Painting is valuable in other respects; for it presents portraits of Oliver Cromwell, England's Protestant Protector, and John Milton, England's Protestant Poet. These portraits have the invaluable merit of unimpugnable authenticity. They have been copied from originals in the possession of his Grace the Duke of Buccleuch, originals which are well known to have been painted by Cooper, an artist contemporary with the great men whose miniatures he has presented to posterity...... History declares that when Cromwell received the of tears......On the day the news came to him he sad intelligence from Piedmont he burst into a flood was about to sign a very important treaty with the King of France; but he at once refused to sign it till the King and Cardinal Mazarin undertook to He employed Milton to write letters to all Proassist him in getting right done to the Vaudois. testant States......; with his own hand he wrote to the King of France; and in thoughts that breathe and words that burn' he dictated to Milton a let er to the Duke of Savoy (the letter which we see him dictating in Mr. Newenham's picture). His indignation was expressed in the most decided tone. In no very indirect terms he hinted his determinaforce. A voice which seldom threatened in vain, tion, if neccessary, to support his remonstrance by says Macaulay ['Hist. of Eng., vol. i. p. 69], 'declared that, unless favour were shown to the people of God, the English guns should be heard in the Castle of St. Angelo'.. We read his decision, his deep feeling, and his fervent zeal, in the very words

of the letter which at his dictation Milton wrote to the Duke of Savoy. We subjoin a copy of it. The original is preserved in the State Paper Office." The said letter bears date 25 May, 1655, and is the eighth of the Litera Oliverii Morland bore it

next

Three things, unless words have lost their meaning, are clear from the italicized sentences in these two passages: (1) that Thurloe was Cromwell's English Secretary, (2) that Milton was his Latin Secretary, Proctectoris. and (3) that Cromwell" meant," i.e. dictated, day to the Duke (Charles Emmanuel II.), and Milton thought and wrote," i.e., and on 19 August a Patente di gratia e translated into Latin, the former's State-Perdono was granted by him to the Vaudois letters or dispatches. And if the "emphatic Protestants. State-Letter of 1658 to Louis XIV. was But as the ipse dixit of an anonymous dictated by Cromwell to Milton, so also that pamphleteer may be questioned as unsupof 1655 to the Duke of Savoy must have been ported by authority, I turn for my third likewise. Carlyle seems to have over-witness to vol. v. of Masson's Life of looked this, which preceded the others he Milton,' which supplies me with the subrefers to. joined evidential excerpts :

"On Thursday, the 17th of May [1655], and for many days more, the business of the Savoy Protestants was the chief occupation of the Council. Letters, all in Milton's Latin, but signed by the Lord Protector in his own name, were despatched (May 25th) to the Duke," &c.-P. 40.

Ten State-Letters all at once, implying as they do consultation with Thurloe, if not also interviews with the Protector and the Council [1657].”—P. 374. "So ends the Series of Milton's Letters for Oliver. As there had been eighty-eight in all during the four years and nine months of the Protectorate......that fact in itself is rather remarkable when we remember that Milton came into the Protector's service totally blind......always, when the occasion was very important, as when there had to be the burst of circular letters about the Piedmontese massacre, the blind man had to be sent to, or sent for. Positively, in reading Milton's despatches for Cromwell on such subjects as the persecutions of the Vaudois and the scheme of a Protestant European League, one hardly knows which is speaking, the Secretary or the ruler. Cromwell melts into Milton, and Milton is Cromwell eloquent and Latinizing."-P. 396.

And in a note to this last passage Mr. Masson observes :

"The uniformly Miltonic style of the greater letters for the Protector, the same style as had been used in the more important letters for the Commonwealth, utterly precludes the idea that Milton was only the translator of drafts furnished him..... There was not a man about the Council that could have furnished the drafts of the greater letters as we now have them. My idea as to the way in which they were composed is that, on each occasion, Milton learnt from Thurloe, or even in a preappointed interview with the Council, or with Cromwell himself, the sort of thing that was wanted, and that then, having himself dictated and sent in an English draft, he received it back, approved or with corrections and suggested additions, to be turned into Latin. Special Cromwellian hints to Milton for the letter to Louis XIV. on the alarm of a new persecution of the Pied. montese must have been, I should say, the casual reference to a certain pass as the best military route into Italy from France, and the suggestion of an exchange of territory between Louis and the Duke of Savoy so as to make the Vaudois French subjects. The hints may have been given to Milton beforehand, or they may have been notched in by Cromwell in revising Milton's English draft."

was

To the common man this testimony alone is sufficient to justify Mr. Newenham's picture. The drafts of Milton's " greater Îetters were supplied by Thurloe, the Council, or Cromwell; the Savoy letter one of the greater series; presumably, therefore, the draft of one SO important was supplied by dictation to Milton by the Protector himself. The conclusion may be inferential, but it is not invalidated by mere negation. The argument ex silentio is always risky, and not seldom faulty; and here, I contend, Mr. Birrell is less likely to be right than Mr.

Masson. It is next to impossible that Crom-
well" was never in the same room nor ever
exchanged words" with his Latin secretary.
Even Mr. Morley admits (Cromwell,'
p. 356) that “
they must sometimes have
been in the Council Chamber together,"
although he follows Mr. Birrell's lead in the
matter of the picture, though for other
reasons. The full passage runs thus :—

"Historic imagination vainly seeks to picture
the personal relations between the two master-
spirits, but no trace remains. They must sometimes
have been in the Council Chamber together; but
whether they ever interchanged a word we do not
know. When asked for a letter of introduction
for a friend to the English Ambassador in Holland
(1657), Milton excused himself, saying, 'I have very
little acquaintance with those in power, inasmuch
as I keep very much to my own house, and prefer
to do so. A painter's fancy has depicted Oliver
dictating to the Latin Secretary the famous des-
patches on the slaughtered Saints whose bones lay
scattered on the Alpine mountains cold; but by
then the poet had lost his sight, and himself pro-
bably dictated the English drafts from Thurloe's
instructions, and then turned them into his own
sonorous Latin."

66

1. It is matter of surprise to me that Mr. Morley could admit that the two master-spirits must have met, and yet doubt whether they ever interchanged a word," simply because " we do not know,' i.e., because it is not recorded that they ever did so. Many things left unchronicled we may take as having actually happened on a less well-founded surmise. 2. The poet's refusal of a letter of introduction was based on non-acquaintance with the Ambassador, not with Cromwell. 3. Mr. Morley's reference to the famous picture is inaccurate. Oliver is therein depicted dictating not the Vaudois dispatches, but one of them only; while the reason alleged for the fancifulness (otherwise inaccuracy) of the picture is singularly misleading. The poet's blindness would not debar him from jotting down the headings of Cromwell's points. I have known of a similar feat being achieved by the blind. Mr. Morley almost admits the possibility when he says, two sentences before the passage quoted, that "Milton's fervid Latin appeal of this date [1655] did but roll forth in language of his own incomparable splendor the thoughts that lived in Cromwell."

Such is well or ill upheld-my thesis on the fidelity to history of Mr. Newenham's noble work, confirmed by the sound readings of historiographers such as Mr. Masson and Carlyle, and left undamaged by Mr. Birrell and Mr. Morley.

J. B. McGoVERN. St. Stephen's Rectory, C.-on-M., Manchester.