6 66 66 66 66 We get among other variants "fyftye français-anglais et anglais-français,' 1853, dolle," 'fyfty doyle," "the fyften," the a moucharaby is said to be a small gallery xv dolle," and the "V dole." Mr. T. W. supported upon machicolations"; and Rundle has pointed out that dole=share Mothes's 'Dictionnaire technologique franand that it seems not unlikely that the çais-allemand-anglais,' 1874, has the followterm Fyfty dole' may be a form of fifth- ing: Moucharaby. Assommoir. (Arch.) or fift-dole (O.E. fiftha- or fifta-dæl)." Die Pechnase. Coillon, machicooli." Coillon ETHEL LEGA-WEEKES. (cullion, sense 3 in N.E.D.') is a very unusual word, but those who are familiar with Mothes's dictionary are aware of the strange words he often uses. "MOUCHARABY (10 S. viii. 390).-This word is derived from the Arabic verbal root sharaba, signifying "he drank," and its application is explained by Lane in the first chapter of his 'Modern Egyptians,' ed. 1837. The meshrebeeyeh, as Lane spells it, is a projecting window made of turned latticework. From the larger window a smaller one is sometimes thrown out, on the bottom of which porous water-vessels (coozahs) are placed, in which the water, exposed to the hot winds, is cooled by evaporation. Thence the name originated. From this primary sense it is easy for a French writer to evolve the secondary meaning given in The Imperial Dictionary.' The word could never have been applied to the Hotel de Sens, Paris, or to Carisbrooke Castle, except in the imagination of some painter in words." 66 W. F. PRIDEAUX. The Arabic noun mashrabiyyah, quoted from Dozy, is highly irregular. The word intended is doubtless the classical Arabic noun mashrabah, defined in the dictionaries as meaning an upper chamber used for convivial assemblies." The method of formation of mashrabah is perfectly regular. It is the so-called noun of place," made by prefixing ma- and affixing -ah to the verbal root. Literally it implies a drinking-place. It is derived from the verb sharab, to drink, from which comes also our word "sherbet." JAS. PLATT, Jun. 66 66 6 6 The Dictionary of Architecture' issued by the Architectural Publication Society notices moucharaby, and says of it that it is one of the ways of writing Masharabeeyeh (I copy the accents exactly) is defined beeyeh"; and masharabeèyeh or meshreas "the Turkish name for an enclosure on an upper floor projecting beyond the front of the building, in which persons sit to enjoy the air." No reference is made to any other meaning, but the compilers of the dictionary must have been aware that moucharaby has a meaning different from this in French, for under machicolation is the following note : 6 66 PIE TART (10 S. viii. 109, 134, 157, 178, 195).-In Antiquitates Culinaria; or, Curious Tracts relating to the Culinary Affairs of the Old English, with a Preliminary Discourse,' &c., by Richard Warner, London, 1791, the word tart, spelt in various ways, occurs frequently. The "contents of the book are (see pp. lix, lx): 1. The Forme of Cury,' a roll of ancient English cookery, compiled about 1390 by the master cooks of Richard II. (The original, which was copied by Samuel Pegge the elder, and published by him in 1780, had disappeared when Warner was writing his book.) 2. A vellum manuscript in the possession of Pegge, to which Warner (p. 37) gives the title of Ancient Cookery, A.D. 1381.' 3. Recipes from a MS. in the library of the Royal Society, Arundel Collection, No. 344, pp. 275-445, reproduced by the Society of Antiquarians in 1790 in A Collection of Ordinances and Regulations for the Government of the Royal Household,' &c., p. 425, &c. In The Forme of Cury' (p. 12) No. 50 is "Tartlettes. Take pork ysode (sodden), and grynde (bruise) it small with safronn, medle (mix) it with ayren (eggs) and raisons of coraunce, and thereinne. powdor fort, and salt; and make a foile (crust) of dowhg (dough), and close the fars (forced-meat) Cast the tarteletes in a panne with faire water boillyng and salt, take of the clene flessh without ayren and boile it in gode broth. Cast thereto powdor-douce and salt, and messe the tartletes in disshes, and helde (cast) the sewe (liquor) thereonue." P. 29, No. 164 is "Tartee," which contains pork, eggs, raisins, "smale briddes (birds)," sugar, &c. "Make a crust in a trape (dish), and do the fars (mixture) thereinne; and bake it wel." No. 165 is "Tart in Ymbre-day (Emberday)." Contents: onions, bread, eggs, butter, saffron, salt, currants, sugar with powdor-douce. "Bake it in a trape (dish)." No mention of paste or crust. No. 166 is Tart de Bry (qy.).” An inchdeep crust in a dish, yolks of eggs," chese ruayn (qy. Roan, from the country)," &c. "Do it in a trape....bake it." 66 P. 30, No. 167 is "Tart de Brymlent (Midlent)." Figs, raisins, apples, pears, wine, calver salmon, or codling or haddock, &c. After boiling and cooling "make a coffyn (in paste) an ynche depe, and do the fars (mixture) therein. Plant it bove (on the top) with prunes and damysyns......cover the coffyn, and bake it wel." No. 168 is "Tartes of flesh." Pork, eggs, cheese, &c. "Make a coffyn......plant it with smale briddes istyned, and conynges (coneys), and hewe hem to smale gobbettes, and bake it." No. 169 is "Tartletes." Veal, eggs, prunes, &c. "make a litell coffyn, and do this fars thereinne, and bake it.' No. 170 is "Tartes of fysshe.' Eels and salmon stewed in "almand mylke," verjuice, &c. "Make a crust in a trape....bake it therein." Then comes "No. 2. Ancient Cookery. A.D. 1381." On p. 48, No. 23 is "For to make tartys in applis : "Take gode applys, and gode spycis, and figys and reysons, and perys, and wan they are wel ybrayed, colourd wyth safron wel, and do yt in a cofyn, and do yt forth to bake wel." No. 25 is "For to make tartys of fysch owt of Lente " : "Mak the cowche (crust), of fat chese, and gyngener, and canel, and pur' crym of mylk of a kow, and of helys ysodyn; and grynd hem wel wyth safron; and mak the chowche of canel, and of clowys, and of rys, and of gode spycys, as other tartys fallyth to be." "Take fygges and grinde hom small, and do thereto pouder of clowes, and of pepur, and sugur, and saffron, and close hom in foyles (flat pieces) of dogh, and frie hom, and flawme hom with honey, and serve hit forthe." After the receipts come the accounts of the feasts at the Inthronizations of George Nevell, Archbishop of York, in 6 Edward IV., and of William Warham, Archbishop of Canterbury, 20 Henry VII. In the former (p. 94) mention is made of 4,000 Pasties of Venison colde, 4,000 Colde Tartes baked, 1,500 Hot pasties of Venison.” Of these the only appearance in the "courses" or the bills of fare is (p. 98), "A suttletie, a Tart." In the instructions for service Custardes," Tartes," and "Gelly appear twice (p. 102); in the latter case with the addition of "Marchpaynes." 66 66 66 In the courses" at the Inthronization of Archbishop Warham appear “Tart of Proynes (p. 108), "Tart melior" (pp. 114 and 116), Tart Lumbarde " (pp. 117 and 118). I take it that all the tarts given in these courses were sweets" yet in the receipts most of the tarts were made mainly of pork, eggs, cheese, veal, fish, &c. I have not found one instance of the word pie." 66 66 66 Suttleties," 'subtylties,' "subtilties," or (in the note) "sotiltees are said in the note (p. 136) to be "curious decorations of the Old English table, nothing more than devices in sugar and paste, which in general......had some allusion to the circumstances of the entertainments, and closed the service of the dishes. The warners were ornaments of the same nature, which preceded them." On pp. 69 and 70 are Tart on Ember" To the Printer." day,' "Tart de bry," and " Tart for Lenton,' not very different from Nos. 165, 166, 167, in The Forme of Cury.' Each has to be 66 is 30 June-2 July. On p. 572 (13-15 Dec.) are three letters addressed respectively "To The London Chronicle,' "To the Author of The London Chronicle,' "To the Christopher—in the parish church of BrainePrinter of 'The London Chronicle.' ROBERT PIERPOINT. EFFIGIES OF HEROIC SIZE IN CHURCHES (10 S. viii. 250).—The "scale of Cologne Cathedral is, in a measure, virtually ruined by the large statues that stand against the piers carrying its nave arcades-the eye unconsciously accepting them as being only a little over life-size. Hence it is hard to realize the immense height (150 ft.) between the floor line and the keystones of the vaulting above. 66 Thorvaldsen's wondrously beautiful figure of Christ, inscribed Kommer til Mig," in the Vor Flue Kirke at Copenhagen, is carved out of a block of pale dove-coloured marble, and is over 10 ft. high. The marble statues, representing the twelve Apostles, resting upon massive square bases in front of the arcade piers, in the nave of the same church, are also of immense size. The thirty-odd figures of saints that occupy niches beneath the exterior Corinthian colonnade surrounding the Madeleine at Paris, are all considerably larger than life. The statues representing the four Evangelists that, not many years ago, were placed in the long-vacant niches, facing north and south, upon the exterior of the western tower of Holy Trinity Church, New York, are of gigantic proportions. The sculptured representation of the outstretched crucified Christ which the late Lord Aldenham (of ever-honoured memory), in 1899, placed in the midst of the High Altar screen at St. Alban's Abbey (now Cathedral), measures 8 ft. 9 in. from the crown of the head to the feet. Scores of other instances, at home and abroad, might be mentioned. Fair Park, Exeter. HARRY HEMS. Murray's Handbook of Berks' states :— "Aldworth Church, Berks, contains nine very important and curious stone monumental effigies: 6 knights in armour (5 with legs crossed, and 6 or 7 ft. in stature) and 2 females......They represent members of the family of De la Beche, lords of this manor, temp. Edw. II. and III. The common people call four of the statues John Everafraid, John Long, John Strong, and John Neverafraid." Lysons's 'Berks,' p. 209, says that one figure measures 7 ft. 2 in., and another 6 ft. 4 in. Sandgate. R. J. FYNMORE. le-Comte, Belgium. The lower limbs are TOMBSTONES AND INSCRIPTIONS: THEIR PRESERVATION (10 S. viii. 201, 275). Having been called upon by MR. HARRY HEMS to state what I know to have been done by those in authority at St. Margaret's, Westminster, towards taking care of the tombstones there and the guarding of the inscriptions from complete obliteration, I gladly do so, for it seems to me that what was best where a right of way exists through a churchyard was done. I would refer readers of N. & Q.' to an article of mine which appeared under the heading of The Churchyard of St. Margaret's, Westminster, and its Improvement,' at the commencement of 1904, the references being 10 S. i. 23, 62, where these matters were time, it may not be contrary to order if I gone into minutely; but perhaps, to save just say here what appears upon the minutebooks of the committee appointed to carry out the needful improvements. It was proposed firstly "to sink the gravestones in situ sufficiently deep to admit of the ground over them being covered with turf, the surface being reduced to the level of the north entrance of the Abbey.' This suggestion of the sub-committee met with ready acceptance, and it was carried out. When the question came before the Chancellor of the Diocese of London for the issue of a faculty on 23 Aug., 1881. the late J. L. Pearson, R.A., the Abbey architect, who had charge of the work, stated that it was proposed to place the tombstones with their face downwards, ancient inscriptions being best The Chancellor preserved in that way.' granted the faculty without hesitation, and stated that after the evidence given he had no doubt that the inscriptions would be best preserved in that manner. The faculty was issued, a proviso being inserted that the earth should be removed if it became necessary to examine the actual inscription, as in a court of law." Various meetings of the "a copy on the tablet might not be adduced committee took place, the last being on 27 Feb., 1883, so that the work was all done between the issue of the faculty and that date. It may be of interest to readers of 'N. & Q.' to learn that there is, though not an effigy, a medieval statue of heroic size of St. So far as I know or have heard, every 66 thing has answered admirably, and no doubt that MR. MCMURRAY was mistaken in saying it will be found, when occasion shall arise (ante, p. 90) that Sir George never was in for an examination, that both stones and the reality knighted. It is noticeable that he inscriptions are in the same condition as is described as Lord Maior," not "Maior' when they were buried nearly twenty-five ROBERT PIERPOINT. years ago. A copy of all the inscriptions is to be consulted in the vestry of the church. W. E. HARLAND-OXLEY. Westminster. MR. HARRY HEMS will find a full account of the improvements in St. Margaret's Churchyard at 10 S. i. 23, 62, contributed by MR. HARLAND-OXLEY. As the latter observes at p. 64, "The improvement has been much appreciated on every side," yet, strange as it must appear to most of those who, like myself, remember its former condition, well described at p. 23, the late Mr. Augustus J. C. Hare in his 'Walks in London,' ii. 284, condemns it utterly, and writes of "the mean and flippant result " of the alteration. ALAN STEWART. AUTHORS OF QUOTATIONS WANTED (10 S. viii. 388). SIR GEORGE MONOUX (10 S. viii. 10, 90, 133, 214). The following is from The English Baronetage,' 1741 (Wotton and Collins), vol. iii. pt. i. p. 188, s.v. Monnoux, of Wotton': "He lies buried in Walthamstow church, on the north side of the communion-table (k), where is an ancient fair table monument, of him, and his lady; the brass plates pulled off; but Weaver has this inscription for him, and Anne, his second wife (1): "Here lyeth Sir Georg Monox, Knight, somtym Lord Maior of London, and Dame Ann, his wyfe, whych Sir Georg dyed...... 1543, and Dame Ann......1500.' "There is also a label, with these words on a brass plate, coming out of his mouth (m), O Lord, shew thy mercy upon us. Another label with these words out of hers, O Lord, give us thy salvation." "(k), Stow's App. p. 118. (1) Funeral Monuments,' p. 598. (m) Stow, Ibid. 118." The date 1500 as that of the death of Dame Ann is probably a misprint. The date of death of Sir George was according to Wotton and Collins (p. 189), 9 Feb., 1543. The inscription would lead one to believe only. 372). "DOWN IN THE SHIRES (10 S. viii. 329, The phrase "in the sheers" is a most common expression in West Cornwall. W. ROBERTS. ARUNDEL CASTLE LEGEND (10 S. viii. 390).—May I first of all call attention to the fact that the reference to p. 79 of a reprint is no reference at all? The right reference is to book i. chap. 17-the very chapter which appears in my 'Specimens of English Literature from 1394 to 1579'; see p. 201. My note at p. 439 says that "Arundel Castle was connected with the legend of Sir Bevis of Southampton solely because of the similarity of the names. The exploits of Sir Bevis are narrated in the second book of Drayton's Polyolbion."" See also the long note by Sir H. Croft in his marvellous edition of Elyot's 'Governor,' vol. i. p. 184. It was by help of his index that I readily found the passage. The The original passage connecting the horse with the locality occurs in Kölbing's edition of Sir Beves of Hamtoun' (E.E.T.S.), pp. 166, 167, 11. 3527-42 of the earlier text, where we read that Sir Bevis told his horse Arondel that, if he would only go fast, he would build a castle in his honour. horse at once did his best, and Bevis accordingly "made the castel of Arondel." No wonder that Selden, in his notes on Dray"the poetical ton's poem, wished that monks had contained themselves within bounds of likelihood.” WALTER W. SKEAT. Arundel was the wonderful horse given to Sir Bevis of Hamptoun by the fair Josyan. MR. CURRY will find the marvellous performances of the animal duly set forth in Ellis's Early English Metrical Romances.' Sir Bevis, his wife (Josyn), and Arundel all died within a few minutes of each other. ST. SWITHIN. The romance referred to by Sir Thomas Elyot is clearly that of Sir Bevis of Hamtoun (Southampton). A reprint of the Auchinleck MS. was issued by the Maitland Club in 1838. A free rendering was published about twenty years ago by H. M. Gilbert of Southampton. A unique copy of an edition of circa 1650 (London, C. W. for W. Lee) was in Messrs. of " dry or sec is not only applied to European intoxicants. The favourite drink of the upper classes in Abyssinia is a kind of mead, called tej, which is composed of honey mixed with water, and allowed to ferment. For ordinary drinking tej one part of honey to seven or eight of water is considered sufficient, and in this slightly bitter herb, called gēshu, which answers in some ways to hops, is infused. A stronger quality, from which 'araki, the spirit of the country, is distilled, is manufactured from one part of honey to three of water, with a stronger infusion of gēshu. "This mixture, in which the sugar is not apparent to the taste, is known as yedaraka tej, or literally dry tej. 46 W. F. PRIDEAUX, as before. With a hip, hip, hip, hurrah! 66 The lines So say we all," &c., Two POPULAR REFRAINS (10 S. viii. 327).— Fable' assign it to the period of the Crusades; the former work notes that the name appears in a Basque Pastorale, and also in the Chansons de Geste, and from the latter it appears that the air was known to the Egyptians and to Australian aborigines in the eighteenth century. In Masson's anthology, 'La Lyre Française' (in which 1709 is given as the date of Malbrough'), is printed an historical song, La Mort du Duc de Guise,' referring probably to that duke who was assassinated by Poltrot de Méré in 1563, beginning: Qui veut oir chanson? Et bon, bon, bon, bon, C'est du grand duc de Guise. The following note is appended : - "This curious song, which we transcribe from M. Charles Nisard's Chansons populaires' (vol. i. pp. 303, 304), was originally published in the Recueil des Pièces intéressantes' of La Place (ii. 247). It is remarkably like the famous dirge on Marlborough." R. L. MORETON. We won't go home till morning, We'll break th' jugs an' glasses, Worksop. Till daylight doth appear, OLD DISSENTING PREACHERS IN THE JEWRY (10 S. viii. 347).-Dr. Abraham Rees, the distinguished compiler of the Cyclopædia,' became minister of the Old Jewry Chapel (rebuilt 1809) in 1783. It was used by a congregation of English Presbyterians. On the occasion of the opening of the new building, 10 Dec., 1809, Dr. Rees delivered an address in which he sketched the history of the Society from the Act of Uniformity to the time he was then speaking. This is printed at the end of the second volume of his Sermons.' 66 Dr. Samuel Chandler, who, however, was not a Scotsman, having been born in Berkshire, was pastor of the Old Jewry Society from 1726 to 1766, the year of his death, thus leaving only ten years of |