§ 79. Public writings are divided into four classes: 1. Laws;

2. Judicial records;

3. Other official writings, filed or recorded pursuant to law; and,

4. Public records, kept in this state, of private writings.

$80. Laws are either written or unwritten.

§ 81. The written law of this state is its own constitution and statutes, and the constitution and statutes of the United States.

§ 82. The unwritten law of this state is the law not promulgated in writing as defined in the last section. It has no certain repository, but is collected from the reports of the decisions of superior courts.

§ 83. A copy of a statute or other written law of another state, or of a territory of the United States, or of a foreign country, or a copy of a proclamation, edict, decree, or ordinance, issued by the executive power thereof, printed in a book purporting or proved to have been published by the authority thereof, or proved to be commonly received as evidence in its judicial tribunals, is admissible as evidence of such statute, law, proclamation, edict, decree or ordinance.

§ 84. The unwritten law or common law of another state or of a territory of the United States, or of a foreign country, may be proved as a fact by oral evidence. The books of reports of cases adjudged in its courts are admissible as evidence of the unwritten or common law thereof.

§ 85. An act or concurrent resolution, passed by the legislature of the state, may be read in evidence from a newspaper, designated as prescribed by law to publish the same, until six months after the close of the session at which it was passed; and it may be read in evidence at any time from a volume printed under the direction of the secretary of state.

§ 86. Executive proclamations, state papers, public documents and legislative journals, printed under the authority of congress or of the legislature respectively, or of either branch thereof, may be proved by the printed copy or by the original.

§ 87. A copy of a paper filed, kept or entered pursuant to law in a public office of the state, or a transcript from a record kept in such office pursuant to law, certified by the officer having custody of the original, or his deputy or clerk appointed pursuant to law, is admissible as primary evidence of the original.

§ 88. A copy of a paper filed, kept or entered, pursuant to law, with the clerk of either house of the legislature, or a transcript from a record kept by such clerk, pursuant to law, certified by the clerk thereof, under his hand, is admissible as primary evidence of the original.

§ 89. A copy of a record or other paper remaining in a department of the government of the United States, is admissible as evidence, when certified by the head, or acting chief officer, for the time being, of the department; or when certified by the officer in whose charge it remains, pursuant to a statute of the United States, or when otherwise certified in accordance with a statute of the United States.

$90. A copy of a paper filed, kept or entered, pursuant to law, with a clerk or secretary of any public body or board, created by a law of the state, or a transcript from a record kept by such clerk or secretary, pursuant to law, certified by the presiding officer, the clerk or secretary, under the official seal of the body or board, is admissible as primary evidence of the original.

$ 91. A copy of a paper filed, kept or entered, pursuant to law, with a clerk of a court of the state, or a transcript from a record kept by such clerk, pursuant to law, certified by the clerk under his hand and the seal of the court, is admissible as primary evidence of the original.

$92. A record of the observations of the weather, taken under the direction of the signal service of the United States, when certified by the officer in charge of the record, is admissible as evidence of the matters stated therein.

§ 93. A copy of a patent, a record, or other writing remaining of record in a public office of a foreign country, certified according to the form in use in that country, is admissible as evidence when authenticated as follows:

1. By the certificate under the hand and official seal of a commissioner appointed by the governor of this state to take the proof or acknowledgment of deeds in that country, to the effect that the patent, record, or writing is of record in the public office, and that the copy thereof, is correct and certified in due form; and,

2. By a certificate under the hand and official seal of the secretary of state annexed to that of the commissioner, to the same effect as prescribed by law for the authentication of the certificate of such a commissioner upon a conveyance of real property to be recorded within this state. The certificate of the commissioner, thus authenticated, is evidence that the copy of the patent, record or writing is certified according to the form in use in the foreign country.

§ 94. An act, ordinance, resolution, by-law, rule or proceeding of the common council of a city, or of the board of trustees of an incorporated village, or of a board of supervisors within the state, contained in a volume printed by authority of such council or board, is admissible as primary evidence thereof. A copy of such act, ordinance, resolution, bylaw, rule or proceeding, certified by the city clerk, village clerk, clerk of the common council or board of supervisors respectively, is admissible as primary evidence.

§ 95. A copy of a paper, other than a chattel mortgage, or a conveyance intended to operate as such, filed, pursuant to law, in the office of a town clerk, or a transcript from a record kept therein, pursuant to law, certified by him, is admissible as primary evidence of the original.

$96. A copy of the stenographic notes taken by the official stenographer of a court of record of this state, or by his assistant, of the proceedings on a trial, or the hearing of a special proceeding in the court or before a judge thereof, is admissible as evidence of the original, when certified by the official stenographer that the copy has been compared by him with the original, and is a correct copy of the whole of the original, or of a specified part thereof.

$97. A copy of any book, record, or other writing in the custody of, or filed pursuant to law, with the regents of the university as such, or as acting in any other official capacity, certified by the chancellor or secretary thereof under the seal of the regents, is admissible as primary evidence of the original.

$ 98. A copy of the rules, regulations and forfeitures established by the superintendent of public works, relating to the management and navigation of the canals, filed in the office of the comptroller, pursuant to law, certified by him or his deputy under his official seal, is admissible as evidence of such rules, regulations and forfeitures.

§ 99. A transcript from the original map of any canal in the state, or from a copy thereof, certified as correct by the officer with whom the original or copy is filed pursuant to law is admissible as primary evidence of the original map or copy.

§ 100. A copy of a paper, filed or kept with the superintendent of public instruction, or a transcript from a record kept in his office, pursuant to law, certified by him or his deputy, under his official seal, is admissible as primary evidence of the original.

§ 101. A copy of a paper, or a transcript from a record, filed or kept, pursuant to law, in the office of the board of railroad commissioners, certified by a member of the board or it secretary, under its official seal, is admissible as primary evidence of the original.

§ 102. A copy of a paper, or a transcript from a record or a part thereof, filed or kept in the office of the secretary of state, comptroller, or state treasurer, pursuant to law, certified by him or his deputy under his official seal, is admissible as primary evidence of the original.

§ 103. A copy of a paper, official field book or map, or a transcript from a record, filed or kept in the office of the state engineer or surveyor, pursuant to law, certified by him, or his deputy under his official seal, is admissible as primary evidence of the original.

§ 104. A copy of a paper filed, pursuant to law, with the board of claims of the state, or a copy of a record kept, pursuant to law, by such board, certified by the clerk thereof, under the seal of the board, is admissible as primary evidence of the original.

§ 105. A copy of a paper filed, pursuant to law, in the office of a county clerk, or a copy of a record kept therein, pursuant to law, certified by him or his deputy, under the seal of the county, is admissible as primary evidence of the original.

§ 106. In any case in which a writing is recorded in the office of a public officer of the state, pursuant to law, the record thereof is admissible as primary evidence of the original writing, unless otherwise prescribed by law.

CHAPTER IV.—PUBLIC RECORDS OF PRIVATE WRITINGS, INCLUDING CONVEYANCES OF REAL PROPERTY.

Sec. 107. Conveyance of real property, how proved.

108. Certificate of acknowledgment, etc, of conveyance may be rebutted.

108. When conveyance or record not admissible as evidence.

109. Conveyance of real property without the state, how proved.

110. Exemplification of record of conveyance, etc., admissible. 111. Bill of sale, etc, of vessel, how proved.

112. What writing may be acknowledged, etc.

113. Public record of private writing, how proved.

§ 107. A conveyance of real property, acknowledged, or proved and certified, in the manner prescribed by law to entitle