considerable area, containing large parks or "paradises" within the circuit of their walls. The streets of London, if laid end to end, would form a line over three thousand miles in length, sufficient to provide three thoroughfares stretching simultaneously from the metropolis to Paris, Berlin and to Vienna respectively. The metropolitan district extends over a radius of fifteen miles from Charing Cross. London has been called "a province of cities," for truly it is a nation of itself.

In 1903, the total population of London proper numbered 4,613,812 persons, whereas in 1901 the entire population of the kingdom of Denmark (excluding the Faroe Islands) numbered only 2,449;540 persons; in 1896 that of Greece was 2,433,806; in 1900 that of Saxony was 4,202,216, and of Wurtemburg 2,169,480, while that of Belgium was 6,896,076; and in 1902 the .whole population of Holland outnumbered that of London by only 810,640 persons. If the inhabitants of the suburbs of London be counted as part of its population, the figure rises to 6,806,296, or to nearly seven millions.

In another aspect, London is "the crowning city" of the world, and its commerce is the largest of any one city on the face of the globe. "A city of cities, an aggregation of humanity that probably has never been equalled in any period of the history of the world, ancient or modern." At the present time, London supplies nearly half of the custom revenue of the kingdom, or more than £10,000,000. The number of ships which entered the port of London for 1903 was 11,444 vessels with a tonnage of 10,179,023, while 8,346 ships of 7,385,085 tons were cleared from this one port-figures in excess of any city in the world, and even of many large nations. May not the question, "What city is like Tyrus" be also asked of the great city of London ? 2

1 Benjamin Disraeli, May 1, 1873, House of Commons.

2 To give an idea of the traffic of this great city, we may state that 20,000 vehicles daily pass Wellington Street corner, in the Strand; there are 469 stoppages per day, and traffic is delayed 42 times per hour, and the time lost per diem is seven and a half hours. On the world-wide business relations of London, see note at the end of this chapter.

14. There yet remains another remarkable point of resemblance between ancient Tyre and modern England, viz., the attitude which the former at one time maintained towards the nation of Israel, and that which prevails in England towards the ancient people of God. It was because of Tyre's departure from "the brotherly covenant" (Amos i. 9, 10) with Israel, and her delivering them into the hands of their enemies (Joel iii. 6-8), that God pronounced her doom and brought destruction upon her. Should an "Aliens' Bill" ever be passed in Parliament, may England be preserved from dealing harshly with the chosen people of God, lest He visit her, as in the case of Tyre, with heavy judgments! 1

Holy Scripture records the relations between Hiram, king of Tyre, and David and Solomon, kings of Israel.2 Hiram sent cedar trees, carpenters, and masons to David to build him an house (2 Sam. v. 11; 1 Chron. xiv. 1), and he also built a palace for Solomon. We are told that "Hiram was ever a lover of David" (1 Kings v. 1), and he extended his friendship to Solomon, whom he assisted in building the Temple, and it may have been then that "the brotherly covenant" mentioned by the prophet Amos was formed (Amos i. 9). Edward i. expelled the Jews from England in A.D. 1290; but in 1656, Cromwell revoked this order of banishment, since which date England has been hospitable and tolerant to the Jews. They now enjoy not only freedom from persecution, but more liberty and protection in this. land than in any other Christian country. Those who are born British subjects, now enjoy the rights of full citizenship; and leading Jews take their place among the highest society, and of late years have been admitted into the House of Commons. The emancipation of the Jews has been progressing since July, 1858.

The Alien Bill passed at the end of the last Session of Parliament (August, 1905); but it does not affect the position of the Jews in a direct manner.

2 Hiram reigned forty-four years, during the lives of both David and Solomon, i.e., from 980 to 936 B.C.

We trust that Great Britain may long maintain her character as the land of tolerance and freedom, and as the asylum of the persecuted and distressed, but especially of God's ancient people Israel.

The condition of the Jews, their persecutions, arising from the "Judenhetze" that now pervades many of the countries of Europe, their great immigration to Palestine and Jerusalem in recent years, may be signs of the times in which we live. May England inherit the promised blessing: "Pray for the peace of Jerusalem : they shall prosper that love thee" (Psa. cxxii. 6).

An interesting event occurred during the year 1903, in the offer made by the British Government, of land in East Africa (Uganda), for the colonial occupation of the Jews or Zionists, under the suzerainty of Great Britain.

This offer on the part of the British Government may not be the equivalent of what earnest students of the Holy Scriptures are expecting, in fulfilment of prophecy, concerning the restoration of the Jews to their own land; nor is it what the Zionists themselves are desiring. Still it may be an indirect move towards the grand end they have in view, and the accomplishment of the promises of God to them; it may be the action of the compound wheels which followed the Cherubim, showing how the purpose of God is worked out, by the unconscious and secondary instrumentality of man.1

These analogies between Tyre and England, both singly and in their aggregate, are emphatic; and it would be difficult to find a modern antitype which, in its totality, answers to the type of Tyre so well as Britain. There are features in the description of Tyre which are not applicable to Egypt; and there are special characteristics of Egypt, with its paper reeds by the brooks, its irrigating canals and its annually overflowing river,

1 Finding that the territory in East Africa offered by the British Government to the late Dr. Herzl for a Jewish settlement is not large enough or suitable for the purpose, the Zionist Congress at Basle (July, 1905) declined the offer, but this does not nullify the expressed goodwill of the English nation, as embodied therein.

which would not be applicable either to Tyre or to England. Egypt could not be cited as an historical type of England. Again, if the type of Tyre were applied to Venice, though the resemblance might hold good in some respects, it would not do so in all these numerous and characteristic features.

II. That an ancient connection existed between Tyre and Britain is a matter of history. Even from the earliest times of which authentic records exist, Tyre or Phoenicia appears to have been geographically connected with the distant isle of Britain, as the southern portion of England was then designated, and which was all that the Phoenicians knew of this land.

There is an interesting picture by the late Lord Leighton, P.R.A., painted 1891-95, which is to be seen in the Royal Exchange of the city of London, where it is accessible to the general public. Its subject is "The Phoenicians Bartering with the Ancient Britons." I

An article by Frederick Dolman on this picture will be found in the English Illustrated Magazine for October, 1903, from which the following quotation is drawn :

"The commercial intercourse with ancient Britain rests on little more than a tradition, and it is a conjecture that the Tin Islands-spoken of in Phoenician records as Cassiterides-were the same as we now call the Scilly Islands. But the labours of students have accumulated a good deal of evidence concerning the arts and industries of the Phoenicians, as well as the life and condition of our Celtic ancestors. All this material, as pieced together in several learned volumes, Lord Leighton diligently studied before designing his picture.

"In such a work as 'Phoenicians and Britons,' designed as the first picture in a compendium of history, he rightly considered that he ought to aim at the most scrupulous accuracy of detail so far as this was attainable.

"Phoenicians and Britons' is a picture of the See frontispiece,

actuality of human life-of the dignity of its every-day task-even though it be human life three thousand years ago."

The following quotation is from Professor Meiklejohn's History of England (p. 4) :

"The first faint note given by history of the existence of these islands is to be found in the story that the Scilly Islands and Cornwall were frequently visited by sailors from Tyre and Sidon. . . . They came here to buy tin, a metal which was then deemed to be as valuable as gold; for, mixed with copper, it formed bronze, one of the hardest of composite metals."

In the Hebrew language, the daughter of a city might represent the city itself, or it might set forth a colony of the place, as Carthage might be called the daughter of Tyre. It is certain that England could never have been a colony of Tyre, for the Tyrians always formed their settlements on the coasts of the countries with which they trafficked, and did not penetrate inland; therefore it is not probable that England could have been peopled or civilized by Tyre. The fact that there was an early connection between the Phoenicians, and the southern shores of England (especially the county of Cornwall), is corroborated by the following passage from Canon Rawlinson's Phænicia :

"Egypt, Judea, Assyria, Babylon, Greece, Rome, came successively in contact with Phoenicia, while almost the whole world made acquaintance with its hardy mariners, who explored almost all seas, visited almost all coasts, and linked together the peoples from Spain, Britain, and the Fortunate Islands (which we now call the Canary Islands) in the West, to India, Ceylon, and the Golden Chersonese in the East, in the silken bonds of a mutually advantageous commerce. This people of all antiquity had most in common with England and the English, the people who first discovered the British Islands and made them known to mankind.” 1

I

In the light of these remarks, and seeing that the 1 Phoenicia: "Story of the Nations" Series; chap. xii. p. 175. Canon Rawlinson.