Illa. That ex tempore speaking, either alone or in the presence of others, in which we are ashamed to stop in order to think of the most appropriate ideas and words.

Contextum dicendi. See n. on § 13.

In alia. The accusative alia is explained by firmitatem, etc., which are in the same construction. The dative or the accusative with ad is more usual after conferre in the sense of contribute, or to be advantageous. See 1, 1, 63, 71, 95. This sense of the verb is not found in Cicero.

Oris facilitatem. Comp. os concurrit, § 8. Also XI, 3, 54.

Ut dixi. See 3, 21.

27. Lucrativae. The earlier manuscripts give this word; but it is found only in Latin of a later period, and is, therefore, questionable here. The passage referred to in Cicero is quoted only in substance. Perhaps Quintilian has in mind the remark addressed to Brutus in the Orator, 10, 34: Iam quantum illud est, quod in maximis occupationibus nunquam dimittis studia doctrinae; semper aut ipse scribis aliquid, aut me vocas ad scribendum.

C. Carbo was consul B. C. 120, and the year afterwards was driven to suicide by the prosecution successfully conducted against him by the young orator Crassus. Cicero commends his eloquence and his industry in the Brutus 27, 103 and 105. Cicero also says that L. Gellius spoke of himself as having been a tent-companion of Carbo. Nothing, however, is known of any military campaign carried on by Carbo.

28. Ciceroni. The remark referred to is not extant.

Pondus. Writing leads us to criticise the words we use, and thus secures to our expression more of significance and substance. Innatans. Here superficial.

In altum reducetur. Freely rendered, will be brought to depth of significance.

Proximas radices. The topmost roots.

29. Exclusi. i. e. ii qui sunt exclusi.

30. Domo afferunt. Comp. 6, 6.

Commentariis. Note-books, memoranda, or skeletons. Quintilian also mentions Cicero's outline speeches in IV, 1, 69. None of them have been preserved.

Feruntur et inventi forte. Are mentioned, and have been brought to light perchance.

Ut. Just as; referring to the form or condition in which they have been found.

Eos. Object of composuerat.

Causarum. Supply commentarii.

Sulpicius. See 1, 116.

Hi. These commentaries, as distinguished from the three orationes mentioned.

Ipso refers to Sulpicius.

31. Ciceronis. Supply commentarios.

Non ideo (excuso) quia non probem. H. 520, 3; A. & S. 262, R. 9; Z. 537. Quia instead of quod in this idiom belongs to the later prose writers.

Recipio. I allow.

32. Laenas. Popilius Laenas is mentioned in III, 1, 21, as a contemporary of Cornelius Celsus.

See X, 1, 24.

Vel in his conferre. The genuine text here cannot be determined. The passage according to our reading may be thus interpreted: Laenas teaches us even in our written speeches to gather the principal arguments (summas) into a memorandum and heads. Instead of in his, limiting summas conferre, we might have eorum, limiting summas.

Quod non persecuturi. Non is omitted by Spalding and others.

Id quoque accidit etc. What is remarked here of the importance of memory in connection with written discourses, is parallel to what is said on memory as connected with premeditation, 6, 6.

33. De memoria. See n. on 6, 3.

BOOK TWELFTH.

THE GENERAL CULTURE OF THE ORATOR, AND THE CHARACTER OF HIS PROFESSIONAL LIFE.

THE book is divided into eleven chapters, introduced by a prooemium, or introduction, containing observations on the importance of the subject now to be considered. Chapter first discusses the proposition that none but the good man can be a true orator. Chapter second treats of things which are necessary to the formation of the morals of the orator. Chapter third, of the importance of studying civil law. Chapter fourth, of history. Chapter fifth, of desirable qualities of mind and person. Chapter sixth, of the proper time of entering his profession. Chapter seventh, of the principles which shall guide him in receiving or rejecting causes. Chapter eighth, of the proper mode of investigating causes. Chapter ninth, of what should be his aim in pleading. Chapter tenth, of his style of oratory. Chapter eleventh, of his pursuits after retiring from professional life.

1. Ferens.

NOTES ON THE PROOEMIUM.

While (actually) bearing it; as opposed to opinione, the anticipation of it.

2. A parvis. With small things; referring to the precepts on elementary training given in the first part of the 'Institutions.'

Dum praecipimus. For dum with the present tense, see H. 467, 4; A. & S. 259, R. 1, (a); and also n. on 10, 1, 125. This sentence refers to that part of the work which treats of invention and arrangement.

Nec adhuc et multos. Nec and et are correlative as below in § 4, and equivalent to et non-et.

3. Iam—ingressi sumus refers to the eighth and the three following books.

M. Tullium. Orator 52: Id mihi quaerere videbare, quod genus ipsius orationis optimum judicarem. Accordingly, Cicero aims in the orator only to delineate the characteristic features of a perfect style. Of the other topics which Quintilian now proposes to discuss, Cicero has little to say.

Antecedentem. i. e. M. Tullium.
Consequi here=sequi.

CHAPTER I.

NONE BUT THE GOOD MAN CAN BE A PERFECT ORATOR.

1-3 The bad man cannot be a true orator because he is deficient in wisdom; 4-7 because his mind distracted and hindered by low passions, is incapable of the noble motives and singleness of purpose which produce real eloquence; 8-10 because vice renders him incapable of labor; while he has no appreciation of the principles of truth and justice which it is the business of eloquence to maintain; 11-13 because he cannot inspire his hearers with confidence, and weakens even a good cause by his bad reputation. 14-22 Reply to the allegation that Demosthenes and Cicero were not thoroughly good men. 23-32 Command of speech unattended by moral worth fails to influence men; therefore is not true eloquence. 33-35 Wrong principles must be discussed by the rhetorician that the student may be prepared to encounter them. 86-45 Likewise it sometimes happens that even good men are led by necessity to argue against the truth and to defend an apparent wrong.

NOTES ON CHAPTER I.

1. Finitur. Finire and finitio are used frequently for definire and definitio.

Id quod refers to the following utique vir bonus (sit).

4. Sapientibus. See H. 388, 3; A. & S. 225, II; Z. 419. This was the sentiment of the whole Socratic school.

Studio. In the dative after vacare.

5. Curis. Ablative after vacare.

6. Huic rei perit. Is lost to this study; i. e. eloquence.

Visa. To be construed as an accusative according to some. Capperone makes it a nominative.

9. Ut-eximam. To withdraw the strongest argument in the question; i. e. the impossibility of a clear understanding (intelligentiae), and of earnestness (studii) and learning (doctrinae) in a bad man.

Demus. Let us concede.

10. More Socraticorum. The Socratic philosophers were accused of fashioning the supposed objections of opponents in such a manner as to make the answer easy for themselves.

12. Ut mox docebimus. See § 33 sqq.

Opinionis. Reputation.

13. In vita. The reference is to their unprincipled and reckless course of living.

14. Responsi invidia. The reproach which Quintilian anticipates in consequence of his reply, that even Demosthenes and Cicero left something in eloquence still unattained.

16. In ulla parte. In any respect.

Provincia administrata. Cicero's administration of the provincial government of Ciclicia (B. C. 51) was distinguished for probity.

Repudiatus vigintiviratus. Caesar's agrarian law (B. C. 59) provided that twenty commissioners should be appointed to superintend the distribution of Campanian lands contemplated in the law. Cicero was invited to become one of these vigintiviri, a responsible and lucrative office; but he steadfastly refused. See Ep. ad Att. 9, 2.

Optimis partibus. Optimi and optimae partes, were the somewhat arrogant terms often employed to distinguish the party of the Senate, or adherents of Pompey, from the friends of Caesar.

17. Non se timidum etc. The words cannot be found in the extant works of Cicero.

19. Quorum. Of which attributes.

Proprie. Strictly.

Et ille quaerebat. Namely, in the orator, 5, 19.

Quaerere here signifies seeking in vain.

20. Quid adici potuerit. Comp. X, 1, 106.

Fortasse inventurus. Though perhaps I may find. For this concise use of the future participle, see H. 578; A. & S. 274, R. 6, b; Z. 639, note. Adhuc abscissurum. He would have still pruned off. Supply ipsum. We may suppose that if Cicero had lived longer, he would have still further pruned down his style, just as he had already chastened somewhat the exuberance of his earlier eloquence. See Brut. 91, and Orat. 107 sq. Comp. also 6, 4.

Securiore. More undisturbed by public cares.

Maligne. Unjustly.

Summam. See n. on X, 7, 18.

21. Et licebat, si aliter sentirem etc. There is some difference of opinion as to the interpretation of this passage. Perhaps it may be paraphrased thus: I have said that Cicero, humanly speaking, was a perfect orator; and that no one has come nearer to absolute perfection. But even if I thought otherwise, even if I thought him still less perfect, I should be at liberty (licebat), and I should have no fear, to say this (id defendere) more boldly than what I have already said. For I have the example of Antony asserting that he had not seen even an eloquent man; which was saying so much less (quod tanto minus erat) of all human oratory than I claim for Cicero. Thus my language is much less severe than Antony's. Cicero himself also declares, like Antony, that he seeks in vain for his ideal among actual orators. May I not, then, venture to affirm that there is something in this field still unachieved, and that even Cicero came short of absolute perfection?

22. Dormitare. See X, 1, 24, and note.

Calvo. See X, 1, 115.

Apud ipsum. In his own works. Cicero says of Brutus, Ep. ad Att.