אַלְקוּם

It cannot perhaps be affirmed that any clear examples of the full form occur at present in the Hebrew Bible, but the following have been specified as affording some probable traces of it, viz. hail, Ezek. 13. 11, 13. 38. 22, a rising up, Prov. 30. 31; 1 Kings 10. 11, 12, or almug trees, 2 Chron. 2. 7, and in the proper names 7 Almodad, Gen. 10. 26, Tiny Eltolad, Josh. 15. 30, with which comp. in Tolad, 1 Chron. 4. 29. It would seem that the article in its original form (37, Arab. ) was somewhat closely related to the pronoun 3, (§ 30. II.), more remotely with the Latin

ille, Ital. il. It appears in full only in

for min (§ 30. II.), where the re

duplication of the 3, as in, plainly shows itself.

2. Pointing. As the original 3 of 3 is universally lost by assimilation (§ 22. 4.), the appropriate pointing of the Article is Pattah subscript with a Dagesh compensative in the next letter (1), as the river, in the law. The main exception to this is when the next letter happens to be a Guttural, in which case the Dagesh of course (§ 25. 8.) is dispensed with, and either Kamets or Segol assumed under the, as the man, 777 the eye, ¬ the head, the mountains, the cloud (§ 25. 9).

3. The primitive Pattah however not unfrequently remains without change, though not followed by Dagesh, as in the month, the strength, the ravenous beast. Occasionally the Dagesh is omitted when analogically due, particularly before " and ?, as the cover. For the princi

הַמְכַפֶּה,the curtain הַיְרִיעָה,the river הַיְאר

ple of this see § 9. 7.

4. When preceded by either of the prepositions,,, the Article usually falls away, but leaves its preposition thus taking its place, as

appropriate vowel under the in the heavens for

The .בְּהֶהָרִים on the mountains for בֶּהָרִים לְהָעָם for the people for לָעָם

few instances in which remains in this situation are principally with, as in instead of big, which also occurs.

5. For the most part the Article has no effect upon the forms of the words to which it is attached, but in the case of some few monosyllables, as people, bullock, enemy, evil, much, the Article prefixed causes the short vowel (Pattah) to be exchanged for its corresponding long (Kamets), as n, p,, &c. So also

הָאָרֶץ with the Article is almost invariably written אֶרֶץ

6. Use. Without anticipating here what properly belongs to the department of Syntax, it may be remarked, that the office of the Article is twofold, (1) To mark the subject as already known either

from the context or from general consent, as is the light, Gen. 1. 4; the heavens, Gen. 1. 1; the virgin, Is. 7. 14. (2) For the purpose of impressing upon the mind of the hearer or reader the peculiar property, nature, or character of the subject to which it refers, as the real or true God; a very bear. also performs the office of the demonstrative pronoun, as in this year, Din this day; and occasionally that of the relative, particularly with the later writers, as which goeth, which are found.

PRAXIS ON THE ARTICLE.

(3) It often

Let the student write and point, according to the above rules, the following words, of which the corresponding originals are to be found in the note below. N. B. The leading prepositions in Hebrew are in, as, to. These are prefixed to the words to which they belong.

The way1. The people. The mouth. To the king. the land10. In the heavens11. To the sun14. As the oil15.

The father3. The day1. The earth5.
As a friend. In the mountain. In
As the garments12. To the upright13.
In the night16. To the light1.

CHAPTER III.

30. THE PROnoun.

1. Pronouns in Hebrew, as in most other languages, are treated under the several heads of Personal, Demonstrative, Relative, and Interrogative. What are sometimes termed Possessive pronouns do not occur in this language as separate words. The relation of possession is indicated by certain pronominal appendages affixed to the termination of nouns, of which an account will be given in the subsequent sections.

I. Personal Pronouns.

1. The Personal Pronoun, as indeed the Pronoun generally, belongs to that simplest and most elementary part of the language denominated the Particles, and ought in strict propriety to be treated under that head. But inasmuch as the flexion of verbs and nouns

involves the use of these words in the form of Suffixes, it is all but a matter of absolute necessity to bring them under consideration here.

2. The form of the Hebrew Personal Pronoun is in fact twofold; the one Separable, the other Inseparable. The first is used whenever the pronoun of either of the persons stands as the nominative to a verb, or as the nominative absolute, and are as follows :

:

AT

(a) The First Person. The form (in pause, § 22. f.) is more primitive than (in p.), though the latter is more frequently used in the later books, while the former occurs oftener in the Pentateuch. The plur. is plainly formed from by exchanging for, and may be taken as the sign of the plural, as appears from the verbal terminations, while, which occurs only Jer. 42. 16, (Keri, ) comes from. The abbreviated is met with but in six instances, Gen. 42.11; Ex. 16. 7, 8; Num. 32. 32; 2 Sam. 17. 12; Lam. 3. 42.

(b) The Second Person. Instead of Dagesh forte in , AN, DAN, the cognate dialects have ʼn before t, as Chal. ant, Arab. anta. The original form

it is (אַתָּה) c. In the contraction& ,אַנְתֶּם אַנְתְּ אַנְתָּה therefore was undoubtedly

: AT

easy to perceive that ta is the most essential part (=th (d), t being the principal element), from which have originated the European rv (ov), tu, du, thou, in all which t is the radical consonant. In only five places do we meet with without the, viz. 1 Sam. 24. 19; Ps. 6. 4. The feminine form was no doubt originally, but is always shortened to (in p. ), and is also written But whether the Dagesh in this case be considered as Dagesh forte or lene is immaterial, as it may be the former viewed as a compensation of assimilated(), or the latter by the foree of § 12. 9. a. This final Yod shows itself in the rare suffix-forms .., "The plural forms are probably contractions from the original 1 (Arab. antum, Chal.

אַתִּי

אַתֶּם

and

אַתֶּן

and (אַתּוּן אַתִּין

But one instance of

occurs, Ezek. 34. 31, and but four of

, Gen. 31.6; Ezek. 13. 11, 20; 34. 17.—On the see below. Besides the

forms of the second person with, we find another kindred form with (N,

and to which we trace the ,אָנֹכִי derived according to analogy from (אַתֶּם ; אַבָּה

origin of the suffixes,,,. This form is employed to distinguish the

כם

he has killed you

is the nomina

suffixes from the personal afformatives of the verb, as (where is the accusative), ye have killed (where tive.) The suffixes,,, are the only ones which have no union-vowel (§ 30. I. 4.), and from the fact that the has no Dagesh lene, as analogy requires (§ 12.7.), it is plainly to be inferred that the preceding Sheva is in some measure vocal, or in other words belongs to the class termed floating (§ 9. 6.), as qʻlalkem, not talkem. See § 27. 12. b.

היא

with

א

(c) The Third Person. The constant orthography of and is proof of an ancient strong pronunciation like hu“, hia, of which a plain vestige is found in the Arab. howa. The form occurs in the Pentateuch in the common gender, but whenever used for the fem. the Masorites have pointed it 77, but with the design of its being pronounced by the public reader (not hiv). The plural of , according to ancient traces, was 277, which was first shortened to, and this latter then further curtailed top. In the formation of suffixes from the falls away, whence we have remaining

חיא

hi

, and with the union-vowel (§ 30. I. 4.) 1,,,,... From, arises, by the expulsion of the weak h, â-u (1,), and thence ō (§ 7. 2.), usually written, but occasionally, as Gen. 49. 41; Num. 23 8; Ps. 10.9. The suffixes from should be by analogy,,, but for the sake of euphony is changed into MThe Kamets under is derived from in, whence in Chal. and Arab. The Mappiq occasionally falls out from when it becomes

הָא is written

א

Num. 15. 28, and is exchanged with, as

quiescent, as in all of it, Ezek. 36. 5. In the forms,, as well as, the is paragogic. As to meaning, the pronouns of the third person,,, are rather demonstrative than personal, equivalent to our this, that, these, those, &c., taking for the most part the Article, as in on that day; this land;

.in those days בַּיָּמִים הָהֵם

ז ז'

3. The Inseparable Personal Pronouns are nothing more than fragments of the separable, which are appended to other parts of speech, whether verbs, nouns, adverbs, or prepositions, composing the class of Suffixes, Prefixes, &c., which in the Shemitic languages enter very largely into the constituent elements of words. When attached to verbs they represent either the nominative, or the objective or governed case of the pronoun, and often both together, as thou hast killed me, I have killed thee; and when appended to nouns they supply the place of distinct possessive pronouns, there being no other way of expressing the possessive pronominal sense in Hebrew. Thus hand, my hand, thy hand, in his hand, your hand, &c. In like manner these insepar. b'e pronouns are united with the prepositions, 2, 3, &c., and thus made to express

relations which are equivalent to cases in other languages, as “in me, i± in him, “‡ to me, 3 to us, &c.

4. The mode of appending these suffix pronouns is twofold. In case the word already ends in a vowel no intermediate vowel is employed in annexing them to the principal word, as up,p;

, 7; but when the word ends in a consonant, the suffixes are appended by means of a connecting vowel, called the unionvowel, which not only serves to make the junction closer between the suffix and the suffixed word, but also to furnish a simple syllable on which the tone can rest, as 3,33pp, berpiono. This unionvowel is either Kamets, Pattah, Segol, or Tseri. A tabular view of these suffixes as attached both to verbs and nouns, together with a full account of the literal and vowel changes effected by them, will be given under the appropriate heads in a subsequent part of the grammar.

II. Demonstrative Pronouns.

Of these the Hebrew has only the following:

SING.

Masc. *, (, ), this.
Fem.,
NT, (i,, N), this.
Com., (,), this.

PLUR.

these ,(הַאלָה אֵלֶּה הָאֵל אֵל .Com

REMARKS.

(a) Several of the above forms, which it will be observed result from the prefixing of the article, are of very rare occurrence; the most common are those which stand first in order, except the plur., which is met with more fre-quently than the simpler. The article is prefixed for the sake of emphasis, and the insertion of the liquid (3) goes to confirm the theory above stated (§ 29. 1.) relative to the origin of this part of speech. Once we find the fem." form Ezek. 36. 35, and occasionally the still further contracted 3, for the most part masc., as in Judg. 6. 20; 1 Sam. 14. 1; 17. 26, but fem. 2 Kings 4. 25.

*The primary element of this pronoun is undoubtedly, which, however, as intimated § 24. a, is probably the result of an early change of the mute into the sibilant. This is confirmed by the analogy of most languages in which the demonstrative begins with d or its equivaient th, t (s), as Syr. 7, 17, 77. this; Arab. dsu, dsi, dsa; Sanser. sas, sa, tad; Goth. sa, so, that; Germ. da, der, die; Eng. this, that, &c.