the roots are composed. Thus the Gutturals and the weak Quiescents *,,, never fail to produce some changes in their accompanying vowels, according to the laws by which they are governed, as stated § 25, 26. As these peculiarities will be distinctly specified in treating of the several classes of verbs, it will be sufficient here to remark that, according to the letters of which it is composed, the conjugation Kal presents the following variety of forms: 2. Signification.-The regular form presents the simple idea of the verb free from any modifications except those of active transitive and intransitive. The form with final ǎ is applied to the former, and that with final è or ō to the latter. To the intransitive form belong for the most part roots which signify (1) A physical condition, ,to be hungry רָעֵב,to be thirsty צָמֵא,to be great גָּדֵל,to be small קטן as ;to be clad לָבֵשׁ ,to be deficient חָסֵר ,to be lovely נָעֵם,to be old זָקֵן גר,to lament אָבֵל,to rejoice שָׂמֵחַ,to hate שָׁנֵא ,to love אָהֵב action, as (2) Certain states or affections of the mind which exclude the idea of to fear. The active and the intransitive formation and import some- 13, and to be weak, Job 14. 10; p to Fem. § 38. Paradigm of the regular verb to kill.* Fem. Infinitive. .Const קטל .Abs קָטוֹל Imperative. Participles. 1 3 יִקְטל 2 תִּקְטל 1 REMARKS. 1. PRETER. This is the usual form, from which there is little va riation. The tone in the persons ending with the afformatives, is on the penult, in the others on the ultimate. The effect of נוּ תִּי ,(קָטְלָה) קָטָלָה (שָׁכַן) שָׁכָן the pause accent is seen in such cases as where the primitive vowel is restored according to ,(גָּבְרוּ) גָּבֵרוּ § 22. c. The distinguishing vowel of the root is the final Pattah, which is generally retained in those persons where Sheva follows, .13 .Judg שְׁאַלְתִּיחוּ,112 .11 .Num וְלַדְתִּיךָ, .4 .Deut יְרִשְׁתֶּם except in שְׁאֶלְתֶּם, but ; חָפַצְתָּ חָפֵץ ; זָקַנְתִּי זָקֵן change it into d in the other persons, as 6, 1 Sam. 12. 13. Intransitives having e for their final vowel * The literal rendering would be he killed, but merely as a matter of convenience the Infinitive to kill is adopted both here and elsewhere generally. -ex ; יָכֹלְתִּי יָכל ; קָטְנְתִּי קָטן those with o retain it throughout, as cept that the removal of the tone causes a shortening, as Other variations from the normal forms we shall here and יְכָלְתִּיו elsewhere group together under the head of Anomalies. .11 .19 .Jud יָרַד for רַד (.Deut. 32. 36. (Chald אָזְלָה for אֶזְלַת » קח , .5 .17 .Ezek לָקַח (.par ב).26.16.Is צָקו (.Deut, 8. 3. (id יָדְעוּ : יָדְעוּן » » אָמְרְ .3 .24 .Is אָמְרוּ » שפכה .7 .21 .Deut שָׁפְכוּ (a) Peculiarities of verbs Lamed Tav and Lamed Nun.-Certain of in several of the persons; as to give, suffer a syncope נָתַן ,to cut כָּרַת verbs ending in n and 2, as 2. INFINITIVE. For the distinction and various uses of the absolute and construct Infinitive, see § 33. 2, 3. The Holem of the absolute is immutable; that of the construct is shortened before מְשׁל בָּנוּ reign over us for מְשָׁל בָּנוּ Maqqeph into Kamets Hateph ; as שְׁכַב קְטל The Inf. const., like the Preter, has the threefold form of and. A feminine form also occasionally distinguishes the Inf., especially on receiving a preposition, in which case the second radical loses its vowel, and the first usually takes Kamets Hateph, Occasionally we לְשָׁמְרָה לְמָשְׁחָה לְאָכְלָה according to $ 27. 14, as וְכֹלֶת יְבֹשֶׁת Such forms as .בְּשִׁנְאָה לְחֶמְלָה find Kibbuts or Hireq; as with hardened to n are extremely rare. Anomalies. 66 .13 .26 .Gen גָּדוֹל for גָּדֵל (.Ezr. 10. 6. (epen לִדְרוֹשׁ for לְדַרְיוֹשׁ ,22 .11 .Deut לִדְבֹקָה » לְדָבְקָה » סָפוּן .14 .22 .Jer סָפוֹן .9 .1 .Sam 1 אָכְלָה שְׁאֲלָה זן 66 "IS. 7. 11. 3. FUTURE. The characteristic final vowel of this tense is Holem pure, for which reason it very seldom appears otherwise than p, pp. A Holem, however, The intransitives defectively written. For the same reason it goes into Kamets Hateph before Maqqeph, as - Josh. 8. 32, and falls away upon the accession of the afformatives". and 1, as 5p, few exceptions are given in the anomalies below. belongs appropriately to verbs of Pret. final a. take Pattah, as 3, 1217; 379, 3737. Yet there are several transitive verbs which retain a in the Future, as 7, 77, 777, &c., and some that take alternately o and a, as in Gen. 2. 2, na Neh. 6. 3, Mal. 2. 15, 72 Mal. 2. 10. If both forms occur in the same verb, o has a transitive, and a an intransitive sense, as i to be cut off, cropped, Deut. 24. 19, p to be made short, Judg. 10. 16. Seldom do both occur without this distinction, as,. When either the last or middle letter is a Guttural, the final is also for the most part Pattah (§ 25. 6.), as n, mbyn, maan, part. Futures יֹאכֵל יִתֵּן יֵשֵׁב with final e occur only in the irregular verbs IMPERATIVE. The form of the Imperative is closely related to that of the Future, from which it differs by casting away the sign of the person at the beginning, rendering the word as short and emphatic as possible. It thus comes to bear also a marked resemblance to the Infin. const. which conveys the naked idea of the root, though unlike the Inf. it partially marks the distinctions of person, gender, and number. Its final vowel mainly follows that of the Future, as Fut. 3, Imp. Sp; Fut. war, Imp. 3; Fut. 3, Imp. 2 Sam. 13. 5. The which assumed in the fem. sing. and masc. pl. is a very hurried sound, forming a short simple syllable, as is evident from the fact that Dagesh lene very seldom occurs after the Sheva, proving that it is floating (§ 9. 6.) and not silent, as ridh phu, ir ku, &c. The effect upon the vowels of receiving paragogic will be plain from the examples kith bi, 1 given in the list below, from which it appears that ĭ and ŏ are assumed interchangeably for the first vowel. Roots which end in a Guttural occasionally shorten the termination of the fem. plur. to .2 .Ex קְרַאַן ; שְׁמַעְנָה Gen. 4. 23, for שְׁמַעַן the mere consonant 2, as קְרָאנָה for ,20 Anomalies. .20 .25 .Ps שְׁמֹר for שָׁמְרָה .12 .39 .Gen שְׁכַב for שִׁכְבָה »» זָכְרָה .4 .6 ,Chron 2 זכר » נִצְרָה .3 .14 .Ps נְצר .31 .25 .Gen מְכר 66 66 .20 .32 .Ezek מִשְׁכוּ » חָרָבִי .16 .1 .Mic קִרְתִּי .2 .47 .Is הִשְׁפִּי 66 66 .11 .32 .Is פְּשט 66 66 מָשְׁכוּ 3. PARTICIPLE. Kal only exhibits the active and passive form of the Participle. The latter has sometimes an active signification, especially when the verb is intransitive, as grasping, Cant. 3. 8, .7 .112 .trusting, Ps בָּטוּחַ Anomalies. .14 .29 .Is יוֹסֵף for יוֹסֵף .20 .39 .Gen אסור for אָסִיר .5 .16 .Ps תּוֹמֵךְ » מָשִׁיחַ .5 ,2 .Ps מָשׁוּחַ » נֹטֶרָה .1 .49 .Gen אסְרִי .6 .1 .Cant נִטְרָה .22 .55 .Ps פתוחות » פתחות (וְלֶדֶת .Gen. 16.11. (contr. fr ילַדְתִּ לָבְשׁ ,שֹׁכֶנֶת .Jer. 51. 13. (contr. fr שכַנְתִּי .21 .31 .Prov לָבוּשׁ The learner will bear in mind, in rendering the ensuing words, that our imperfect, perfect, pluperfect, and even present, are expressed by the Hebrew Preterite. Yet instead of the Preter for the present, the Participle may be employed at discretion. All the phrases beginning with and are to be put in the Future with Vav conversive. |