He reignedl. Ye did guards. They shall expiates. I drew near1. Ye had broken5. Thou (fem.) hast blessed. She hath learned". They have written. Ye (fem.) have visited. Approach yelo. Write ye (fem.)11. They shall judge12. And they did sanctify13. And he did speak11. To learn. To dwell15. Ye (fem.) have sold16. They shall cut off17. Writing. Judging. Sustaining18. Blessed. Clothed19. Guarded.

§ 39. NIPHAL.

1. Formation. The appropriate form of this conjugation is Sp, its distinguishing characteristic being the letter 1, prefixed with short Hireq which has arisen from Sheva (3), according to § 27. 8. But here' as in the case of Kal (§ 37. 1.) the nature of the radical letters as strong or weak, as Guttural or non-Guttural, works a change in the punctuation, and gives rise to the following variety of forms :—

2. Signification. (a) Judging from dominant usage, it would seem that this form of the verb has primarily and originally a reflexive signification, causing the action to fall back upon the agent,

,to take heed to one's self נִשְׁמָר ,to conceal one's self, to hide נִסְתַּר as

לָמַד (7 בָּרַךְ (6 שָׁבַר (5 קָרַב(4 כָּפַר (3 שָׁמַר (2 מָלַךְ (1

דָּבַר (14 קדש (13 שָׁפַט (12 כָּתַב(11 קָרַב(10 .פָּקַד (9 .כָּתַב(8

8)ane.

15). 16). 17). 18)20.

19).

to ask for one's self; and so from intransitive Kal, as x to fill one's self, to be filled, from 3 to be full. If the reflexive action be referred to many persons, the idea of the reciprocal arises, as they speak mutually with one another, Ezek. 33. 30;

the people oppress one another, Is. 3. 5; to fight (prop. to devour or consume each other), p to wrestle, Gen. 32. 25, pp to litigate, to enter into a judicial process. Where verbs that are intransitive in Kal appear in the Niphal form, they generally indicate a transition from one state to another, as to be, п to become, to be made to be, to be sick, to be made to be sick, to go, to be made to go. In other cases it signifies to show one's self as doing a thing or suffering it to be done, as to show one's self honora ble, to show one's self a prophet, to prophesy, they showed or feigned themselves smitten, Josh. 8. 15, "I was found, i. e. I suffered myself to be easily found, Is. 65. 1, ¬ to be warned, i. e. to let one's self be warned, Ps. 2. 10, Ezek. 23. 48.

(b) Niphal is also used to denote the passive of Kal when Kal is transitive, as ? to be anointed, to be born, ¬ to be broken. It can hardly, however, be considered as the original and legitimate passive of Kal, for (1) as a general rule the passive conception is expressed by the grave and obscure u or o (1), as in 3 killed, or o (†), ♫ written, ¬Þ¬¬ born, Judg. 13. 8, 1 slain, Is. 27. 7. (2) It has an Imperative, which the other passives want, and is used contrary to all analogy, even when Kal is intransitive, as is to smell ill, to be fetid, noisome, np to rejoice, п to be made joyful.

(*),

(c) Niphal is sometimes to be translated by the aid of the English auxiliaries can, may, must, ought, could, would, should, &c., as 3 that may be eaten, Gen. 6. 21; that cannot be numbered, Gen. 6. 10; that ought not to be done, Gen. 20. 9.

1. PRETERITE. Regular verbs free from Gutturals and Quiescents present no anomalies in the Preter. The vowel changes arising from Gutturals and weak letters in the root will be stated under their respective classes of verbs.

2. INFINITIVE. The real characteristic of this conjugation seems to be (in Arabic ), which discloses itself in the Infini

the a being assimilated in order to prevent the הִנְקָטֵל הַקָּטֵל tive

concurrence of two formative letters, and Dagesh inserted as a compensative. Indeed it holds very generally in regard to the verbs, that the characteristic of the tense excludes the characteristic of the conjugation. The absolute and construct forms differ only in having the former o, and the latter e as the final vowel. As the final Tseri in the Inf. const. as well as in the Fut. and Imp. is pure, it is of course shortened when the accent is thrown off, as hon, 2,

But in verbs ending in a Quiescent the final יִכָּשֶׁל יִכָּכֶד .Fut ; הַנָּתָן

IT

vowel is impure and therefore incapable of being shortened, as

See § 21. 8. When the preformative is preceded by the prefixes , 3, it is sometimes omitted, and its vowel point, or its equivalent,

בְּעָטֵף ,17 .24 .Prov בְחִכָּשְׁלוֹ for בִּכָּשְׁלוֹ placed under those letters, as

Is. 16. 8. of the Pre11. 25, 5szy

for Lam. 2. 11, ni for hip Ex. 10. 3. Yet here we meet with some irregularities depending upon the principle stated § 29. 9, as for an Ezek. 26. 15, ni for ni Some verbs retain in the Inf. const. the characteristic ter, and o instead of e as final vowel, as n Judg. 1 Sam. 20. 28, Gen. 31. 30, b Est. 3. 13, Judg. 20. 39., on 2 Sam. 17. 11, in

i for i

Jer. 34. 2. Of the same

בְּחִנָּדֵף for כְּהִנְדּוֹף Holem termination are the two anomalous forms

Ps. 68. 3, and for 77 Ezek. 14. 3.

3. FUTURE. The formation is entirely analogous to that of the Inf. construct. The recession of the tone from the ultimate to the penultimate syllable of the Inf. and its effect upon the vowels, have already been adverted to. A similar effect is usually produced upon those persons of the Fut. which are without afformatives when followed by a monosyllabic word having an accent, as az Ezek. 33. 12, Ps. 102. 19,

8. 26.

Gen. 25. 21,

IT

2 1 Kings

4. IMPERATIVE. Only one instance of departure from the usual form, viz. Joel 3. 11, for RT.

5. PARTICIPLE. This differs from the Preter only by having final Kamets instead of Pattah. The few anomalous forms are the following:

.22 .34 .Gen נִנְמָלִים for נִפְלִים

.8 .8 .Est נַחְתָּם Pattah instead } נֵאשְׁאַר

epenth., and

Ezek.9.8.

(Qeri.)

of Kamets,

Ex. 15. 6. (" parag.)

He takes heed to himself1. They shall be blessed. Ye do draw near3. They fight. They spake together. And they entered into judgment. It repenteth me. They did swears. Ye (fem.) shall be visited. They shall be broken1o. Be thou gathered11. Contending12. Contrite13.

§ 41. PIEL.

1. Formation. The distinguishing form of Piel is, its main characteristic being the reduplication of the middle radical, which conveys the idea of intensity. This reduplication is of course denoted by Dagesh forte 3 (§ 12. 1.), while the vowels as

=

sumed are short Hireq and Tseri instead of Kamets and Pattah. The above is the normal form; but in case the second radical be a Guttural, which does not admit of reduplication, or one of the Quiescents which admits it with difficulty; or should it be already repeated, as in verbs"; then the various expedients are resorted to which are prescribed by the nature of these letters, §§ 25, 26. The result is the following diversity of forms :

2. Signification. This is the first of the reduplicated forms, in all which the idea of intension is predominant. The true force of Piel, therefore, is (1) To denote the care, zeal, energy, violence, skill, or frequency which accompanies the doing of an action, and which would, in many cases, be expressed in other languages by the use of frequentative verbs. Thus simply to follow, to pursue as a persecutor; to send, by to send away utterly, to dismiss; pr to laugh, pry to mock, to deride; to write (scribere), to keep writing (scriptitare). (2) In many instances it has a causative, permissive, or declarative sense, nearly approximating to that of Hiphil, as to learn, to see or cause that another learns, to teach ;* to live, to permit to live; P to be just, to make just, i. e. to pronounce just, to justify. But it is still for the most part distinguished from Hiphil by expressing, together with the causative, the accessory idea of greater care and activity in the performance of an action. Thus to be great, diligently to make great, i. e. to bring up, to educate, as children to honor; merely to make great ;

to bring יָלַד ; to make heavy הִכְבִּיד,to honor כִּבֵּד ,to be heavy כָּבֵד

forth (part. fem. by midwife), ¬¬bin to beget.

(3) Piel is, nev