§ 92. NIPHAL.

1. PRETERITE. In two cases the characteristic is omitted, viz.

* 1 Sam. 10. 11, and 7 Ex. 25. 28.

Ps. 118. 23; whence by doubling

into, 1 Sam. 1. 26,

By contraction for and changing the first

Josh. 18. 3. The analogy of

.14 .139 .Ps נִפְלֵאתִי for נִפְלִיתִי is followed by כ"ה verbs

2. INFINITIVE. With Dagesh suppressed and the third radical commuted for we have Jer. 19. 11, 2 Kings 7. 12. One retains the characteristic of the conjugation 2

with

final for . is of the form of verbs Zech. 13. 4.

3. FUTURE. Here also the analogy of verbs "

Jer. 49. 10,

יִנָּשְׂאוּ for יִנָּשׂוּא Kings 2. 22. Paragogic & appears in 2 יֵרָפְאוּ for

Jer. 10. 5. In 1 Ps. 130. 4, from 77, the radical is commuted for 1.

4. PARTICIPLE. Three occur with Sheva in the plur. instead of

14. 15.

§ 93. PIEL.

1. PRETERITE. Some few, like verbs, end in final Kamets instead of Tseri, as 7 Ps. 143. 3, b Jer. 51. 34,

In

Am. 4. 2.

Jer. 26. 9, the Yod is commutative of x, . The three

רְפָּאנוּ רְפָאתִי דִּבָּאתָ .following have Hireq instead of Tseri, viz

2. FUTURE. In the final is for x, 22. With elided ✯ Jer. 8. 11.

1. PRETERITE. An apocope of occurs in 2 Kings 13. 6,

The anoma .הִמְצֵאתִיךָ Sam. 3. 8, for 2 הִמְצִיתִיךָ So in הֶחֱטִיא for

alous form 7 occurs Josh. 6. 17, for

TT::

doubled and the first changed into 5. For

an, the fem. being in Job 15. 13, some

copies read more correctly in. A composite form appears in irip Prov. 25. 16, made up from verbs " and "', for insp or inisp.

VII. Verbs whose Third Radical is He.

95. VERBS 3.

1. Under this class are included verbs having originally final 1 or", both of which coming at the end of a word after a heteroge neous vowel (Pattah) are converted to in order to conform to the vowel, § 26. II. 3. b, which consequently is lengthened by quiescence; thus, . In many cases, from the great native weakness of these letters, they are excluded altogether, § 26. I. 2 ;

H

,In pause, however .(יִגְלְחוּ) יִגְלִיךְ for יִגְלוּ (בְּלְחוּ) בְּלִיךְ for כָּלוּ as But in the middle of יִגְלִיךְ or יִגְלוּ for יִגְלָיוּ they often remain, as

words where their substitute ♬, if retained, would fall into a mixed

In the גְלַחְנָה for בְּלֶינָה בְּלַחְתָּ for גְלִיתָ syllable, they are restored, as

3d pers. fem. sing. pret., where, upon the addition of char. fem.

to the root, two of these letters would concur, the first is hardened into its cognate ♫, as a for b. It is to be observed, however, that those verbs whose third radical is Mappiqed or moveable ♬ (~), as, E, M, , come not under the rules which distinguish the class we are now considering. They are inflected according to the model of 5" Guttural verbs, § 64.

2. The rules of quiescence in this class of verbs are the following:—(a) In all the Preters the final ♬ quiesces in Kamets, as mžą, mba, man, &c. (b) In all the Futures in Segol, as ban, man,

, &c. (c) In all the Infin. Abs. except Hiph. and Hoph. in Holem, as riba, ban, riba, &c.; while all the Inf. Const. terminate in ri, a contracted fem. form for i, as iba, riban, riba. &c. (d) In all the Imperatives in Tseri, as, mba, mban, &c. mba, mba, man, &c. (e) In all the Participles, except the Pass. of Kal, in Segol, as na, na, bay, &c.

י

As to the Pass. Part., as
semi-vowel, the primitive re-appears forming a dipthong with the
preceding Shureq, as (3, 3) instead of 5. See Remarks, 5.
3. A distinguishing peculiarity of these verbs consists in the
Apocopated Future occurring in all the conjugations, and which is
formed by dropping the last radical with its preceding vowel :) ;
as, apoc. 7, 3. This feature of verbs gives rise to nu
merous changes of form and punctuation, which will be considered
in the remarks on the paradigm. This principle of apocopation
extends also to the Imp. of Piel, Hiphil, and Hithpael.

never terminates a syllable containing a

REMARKS.

§ 96. KAL.

זו: ז

1. PRETERITE. For the third pers. pret. fem. (a) the Syriac form (5) occurs in a few cases, as hip Lev. 25. 21, for my. In like manner in Hiph. and Hoph., as n Lev. 26. 31, Jer. 13. 19. In one case the original re-appears instead of hardened inton, as Ps. 57. 2, for пon. Thus too in third pers. plur. Deut. 32. 37, 17 Ps. 73. 2, in Keri. In Job 3. 26, the original is retained. The medial occasionally falls out, as 2 Sam. 10. 11, for

זו :

is

2. INFINITIVE ABSOL. This sometimes occurs with apocope of the last radical, unless this be considered as the restoration of the original, as Is. 30. 19, for i; is Gen. 26. 28; 7 Is. 59.4; Lam. 1. 20; in Is. 22. 13. Occasionally the hardened into ♫, as ning Is. 22. 13; nix Is. 42. 20.—CONSTR. The paradigm shows the regular termination to be ni, but the some. times remains without being hardened, as my Gen. 50. 20; ris Gen. 48. 11, Prov. 16. 16. A peculiar form, termination and 7 retained, occurs Ezek. 28. 17.

3. FUTURE. In several cases we find the final
Ps. 119. 117, instead of

instead of (), as y 1 Kings 17. 4, for

.

with fem.

quiescing in (,)

The original 7, but quiescing in Hireq,

is apparently retained in the third pers. fem. sing. and the second pers. masc. in some words, as

Jer. 3. 6, instead of ;

Jer. 18. 23, instead of . The is occasionally omitted

תַּעֲנֶנָּה ; תֵּעָטֶרְנָה Job 5. 12, for תֵּעָשָׂנָה even where analogically due, as

Apocopated Future of Verbs 3" He.

The leading principle on which the apocopation of Hebrew words depends is stated, § 35. II., to be, that in expressing command, prohibition, earnest exhortation, &c., in which cases it mainly occurs, the utterance naturally becomes abrupt, and the force of the voice being spent on the first syllable, the tone is retracted (§ 21. 8. b.), long vowels shortened (§ 27. 9.), and the final letter left almost or entirely mute. But a letter not sounded is very prone to disappear altogether; and this effect is peculiarly easy to verbs of this class. from the original inherent weakness of the final radical.

The consequence is that the apocopated form of the Future in these verbs is far more frequent in all the conjugations than the regular or full form. The principal peculiarities arising from this source are the following:

(a) As the final letter with the preceding vowel falls away (, apoc. ) a furtive Segol is usually supplied under the first radical to obviate the difficult sound of the two Shevas in the nude, or simply apocopate form, as, bans ; or if the first or second radical be a Guttural, furtive Pattah; as п, 77. In this case it is more common to employ Pattah (seldom Segol)

,וַיַּעַשׂ (וָאַעֲנֶה) וָאַעַן under the preformative than Hireq; thus however do sometimes וַיִּחַר Such forms as .(וַתַּחֲרָה) וַתַּחַר (וַיַּעֲשֶׂה)

occur.

(b) Though the preformative of the Fut. is regularly Hireq, yet it is frequently, especially in the 1st and 2d pers. sing. and plur., lengthened into Tseri; as 77, 71, 71, 1. Hence by a special anomaly for , by transposition of the two last radi

אָתָה cals from

(c) If the second radical be one of the Begadh-kephath letters (§ 4. 2. b), the preformative has Hireq or Tseri, but the furtive vowel is not supplied, the form remaining nude; as a (navn), 7777, p. Instead of the first Sheva, Pattah, especially under Gutturals, is used. To this case we are probably to refer

(7), the last Sheva being dropped on account of x, lest if it were

.in יָרָה or יָרֵא it might be supposed to be from וַיַּרְא or וַיִּרְךְ written רָאָה stead of

(d) The verbs

and take Sheva under the preformatives, conforming themselves to the cases where final Yod quiesces in Hireq (§ 26. 7). Thus,,, where follows the analogy for. In pause, however, we have

of

(e) Verbs of the " class which usually assimilate the 2, here retain only one of their radicals, as 1 and 1 for 1, from ;

7

4. IMPERATIVE. In 1 Job 37. 6, with commutation of letters for, the middle radical for by Chaldaism: makes Imper, instead of for sake of euphony. The original radical Yod

is sometimes restored here, as,

; whence by contraction