which end with the last radical consonant, no change takes place in the termination of the verb; but when appended to the afformatives of several of the persons, a peculiar modification of the form The characteristic vowel termination of the third person sing. fem. of the Pret. â, is hardened into ♫ ăth, as np, (b) The liquid final ↑- and of the plur. are expelled, as if they stood in the way of a sufficiently close connection be

ensues.

T

(c) In the sec. pers. fem. sing. the original vocalic ending 75 (§ 30. I. 2. b.) is often found before the suffix in order to prevent the concurrence of two vowelless consonants, as thou (f.) hast killed me. In a few cases (-) is here taken instead of (.), as 77

Josh. 2. 17, 20, for הִשְׁבַּעְתָּנוּ ; (יְלַדְתִּינוּ) וְלִדְתִּינוּ Jer. 2. 27, for

; and occasionally (..), as Josh. 2. 18, for

T "

§ 111. Preterite.

1. Verbs whose second radical has (..) generally retain this characteristic vowel before the suffixes, as Deut. 7. 13, Lev. 16. 4, N Deut. 24. 3. But in the Piel and the other forms which have (...) in the last syllable, this vowel before,,, is shortened into (.), as a Deut. 30. 3, 777 Deut. 32. 7. But with Pattah there is no change, as 72, 7. Before the rest of the

as in,

suffixes this final long vowel falls away, as also before ♬ in pause, p, . The third pers. fem. sing. exhibits a kind of contraction or assimilation analogous to that of for the termination is contracted into, and

is indicated by the Dagesh inserted in

יְהוּ

viz.

into. This

upon the elision of the as

Amos 1.

suffix is sometimes written without Mappiq, as 11, for. In all the plurals ending in the suffix is appended

.c& קְטָלוּם קְטָלוּךְ קְטָלוּנִי without a union-vowel, as

§ 112. Future.

1. The union-vowel and the epenthetic are peculiarly charac. teristic of the Future. But before .,, the original vowels Holem and Tseri are retained, only becoming shortened because they

lose the tone, asb, b, 1. On the contrary, in that
class of verbs which has Future Pattah, and especially all those
whose second or third radical is Guttural, the Pattah is retained,
but lengthened into Kamets before the union-vowel, as 7 Is.
62.5, Deut. 28. 30,
Job 20. 8. By a Syriasm the
without a union-vowel to the
Jer. 2. 24. In such cases we often find

suffixes sometimes become attached
plural form, as

28. The epenthetic is sometimes inserted before for the sake

.1 .Prov יִמְצָאנְנִי and יִקְרָאנְנִי Kibbuts written instead of Shureq, as

-In this case the n is often re יִקְטְלֵהוּ for יִקְטְלָנְהוּ of euphony, as

jected and compensated by Dagesh, as, On the same

principle we find a Dagesh compensative of elided inserted in the

suffix

in several words, as Gen. 12. 1, Is. 43. 5. So
Prov. 2. 11, and in “? of

also in of the same person, as
the first pers. sing., as

Jer. 49. 19.

§ 113. Infinitive and Imperative.

1. The suffixes in these modes are added according to the analogy of the Future, i. e. by means of the union-vowel. The Infinitive sometimes exhibits (†) under the second radical instead of the first, as 3 Gen. 2. 17, Gen. 3. 5; and occasionally though rarely with () under the first, as y Lev. 23. 22.

§ 114. Suffixes of Verbs ".

1. These verbs have special peculiarities as to the attachment of their suffixes. Since their last syllable ends with the weak and

expelled or

T

this termination is lost before the suffix, as, DX, 77, 77. In the third pers. fem. sing. Pret. the suffix is not attached to the longer form, but to the shorter and older one , as, or shortened into ., as 7; and so with Dagesh

.111 $ Zech. 5. 4. See כְּלַתְחוּ for כִּכַּתּוּ

§ 115. RARE AND ANOMALOUS SUFFIX FORMATIONS. 205

§ 115. Table of Rare and Anomalous Suffix Formations.

.5 .16 Job אֲאַמִּצְכֶם .Ezek. 6. 8. Inf. Niph הַדָּרוֹתֵיכֶם

This list might be increased, but the remaining forms can be found in the Remarks

§ 116. Contracted Suffix Forms.

[The Pronominal Suffixes are, for the most part, appended to transitive verbs, and sustain to them the relation of the objective or accusative case. In the following list are comprised the principal instances which occur with a Suffix joined either to transitive or intransitive verbs, expressing the relations indicated in other languages by the dative or ablative case, or by the conjunction than. They form a peculiar kind of contraction, which will be fully understood by resolving the terms into their original elements, in the same manner as in English the phrase I will give him, is by ellipsis for I will give to him.]

.21 .19 boiled for them, 1 Kings בִּשֶׁל לָהֶם for בִּשְׁלָם

66

66

.20 .24 .he will repay thee, 1 Sam יְשַׁכֵּם לְךָ עֲשָׂתְנִי .3 .29 .I have made for myself, Ezek עָשִׂיתִי לִי חֲשִׁיבֵנִי .14 .37 .bring me [word] again, Gen הֵשִׁיב לִי תִּמְלָאֵמוֹ .9 .15 .shall be filled of them, Ex תִּמְלָא מֵהֶם »

iny to speak with him, Gen. 37. 4.

IT

66

66

יְצָאנִי .20 .10 .are gone forth of me, Jer יָצְאוּ מִמֶּנִּי .28 .9 .shall cry to thee, Neh יִזְעֲקוּ אֵלֶיךָ » יִזְעָקוּךְ

1 shall dwell with thee, Ps. 5. 5.

66

66

66

.20 .94 .shall it be united with thee ? Ps הַרְבַּר עִמָּךְ » הַיְחָבְרְךְ

66

.20 .139 .they speak against thee, Ps יֹאמְרוּ בְךְ

.15 .8 .shall cleave to him, Eccl יִלְוֶה אֵלָיו

66

66

מְרוּךְ

.21 .44 .be forgotten of me, Is תִּנָּשֶׁה מִמֶּנִּר » תִּנָּשֵׁנִי

66

.5 .65 .I am holier than thou, Is קָדַשְׁתִּי מִמְךְ »

is encamping around about thee, Ps. 53. 6.

66

.5 .13 .I have prevailed against him, Ps יָכֹלְתִּי מִמֶּנּוּ » יְכָלְתִּיו

66

.7 .20 .thou art stronger than I, Jer הָזַקְתָּ מִמֶּנִּי » חֲזַקְתַּנִי ,thou (f) hast played the harlot with them תִּזְנִי עִמָּם

Ezek. 16. 28.

,they shall rejoice over them יָשָׂשׂוּ עֲלֵיהֶם or יָשְׁשׂוּ בָם

Is. 35. 1.

CHAPTER IX.

THE NOUN.

§ 117. Classification.

1. From what is said § 28 of the nature of Hebrew roots, it appears that the noun and the verb are very closely related in their origin, both being derived from a common abstract root, and distinguished from each other mainly by difference of tone and vocalization. In the noun, however, the idea of the root is conceived of as at rest and unconnected, while in the verb it is regarded as acting and emanating. The former is used to indicate the mere being of an object according to its nature; the latter, to convey the idea of action, motion, or becoming (fieri), and involving the distinctions of time. The noun therefore is more limited, inert, and lifeless than the verb, which is the ruling, animating, most pervading element of the language, and consequently the most fully developed; as it is here that the influences of formation have naturally the widest scope.

2. Various other distinctions and discriminations of a special kind may be added, however, to this fundamental notion of a noun, causing it to be viewed in different aspects; as (1) as expressing the bare idea of the root without regard to person, time, or manner, i. e. as a simple substantive; and as this is the office of the Infinitive, we see the propriety of considering the Infinitive as a species of noun;

as predicating of a person or thing the pure idea of a verbal root, i. e. the participle; the office of which is not so much to represent the action as actually proceeding from an agent, as to represent a person or thing as that to which the action, when it does take place, is to be attributed; as a properly one that writes; the idea of the person being peculiarly prominent, and consequently giving to the word so far the leading character of a noun. Again (3) the noun may be conceived as having an attributive or adjective power, expressive of the quality of a subject; or (4) as an abstract derived from a verbal or nominal idea, as np righteousness, salvation. To these many possible accessory modifications may still be added, as of intensity, frequency, the instrument, place, manner, &c., of an action.

3. Although declension in the sense of varying a noun by case is