(".)

which can be changed, according to § 7. 2, into the softer i whenever a substantive is formed out of the participle, as is the case in most of the above instances, seeing we have y exalted,

and יָצוּעַ ; overseer פָּקִיד appointed to overlook פָּקוּד ; prince נָשִׂיא

story, floor; and hated. The i (.) in this class is often formed by the greater lengthening of e (..) of intransitive ideas,

,weary יָגִיעַ and יָגֵעַ ,bright עָתִיק and עָרֵק יָעֵם pleasant from נָעִים as .fugitive פָּלִיט and פָּלֵיט

§ 120. Abstracts. Abstract nouns of this class are formed origi. nally from the Fut. of Kal, but exhibit a variety of characters They occur,

(a) As mere infinitives; presenting the twofold form of and

§ 33. 2, as the smiting, the clearing, p the piercing, the lying down, in the strengthening. This latter short intransitive form is rare, and instead of it we usually find either the former with o, or the feminine formation, as N to hate (the hating),

to seize. In all חֶזְקָה ,to grow old זִקְנָה,to fear יִרְאָה,,to love אַהֲבָה

these the accented syllable is very short, and the fore-tone vowel altogether wanting, as if formed immediately from the Fut. 5,

As substantives; and mostly from intransitive roots. Here the fem. ending is predominant, as my injustice, (differing from as adixia from adixov), weeping, nakedness,

T

speech, ornament, righteousness. But Abstracts can be formed also by lengthening the accented vowel, which produces also a foretone, § 21. 3, and thus dispensing with the fem. termination, although that can exist at the same time. Thus hunger, any thirst, s guilt (whereas s with Pattah on account of Gut. is rather an infinitive), assembly, reward, righteousness (differing from p as justitia from jus), free will, desolation. Some few have lengthened the accented a to the immutable o, as majesty, safety. These Abstracts cannot be confounded with the adjectives of the same sound (§ 119. 1, 2.), for an adjective formed from the same root has always e or i, as

,voluntary נָדִיב,righteous צַדִּיק ,guilty אָשֵׁם , thirsty צָמֵא,hungry רָעֵב

desolate, majestic, prosperous. In substantives of this description e is sometimes found as fore-tone instead of a, which e is properly, according to § 37. 2, a trace of intransitive derivation;

as a foreign land, probably also a pitch, strong drink, “ cluster of grapes, rib, heart.

2. The characteristic vowel u or i is often shortened in the fem. before the termination, and often so as to double the third radical, particularly when it happens to be the liquid l. Thus with u,

פְּעֶלָה,redemption בְּאֶלָה גְדוּלָה greatness (also גְדְלָה,collection קִבְצָה

3. There is another strong and peculiar form appropriated to the Abstracts of this class, especially in derivations from earlier nouns, which consists in the use of the plural formation together with the

,virginity בְּתְרִלם ,youth נְעָרִים and עֲלוּמִים,old age זְקְנִים penult u, as -embalm חַנְטִים very rarely from Kal, as ; בְּתוּלָה נַעַר עֶכֶם זָקֵן from

ing, Gen. 50. 3.

§ 121. CLASS III.

Nouns of two syllables having two characteristic vowels, but the accent on the second, as

putting on a garment,

in a worm. 1. The long vowel in the first syllable in this class, which is usually Holem, is inserted in the root, and is so strong as thoroughly to govern the whole word, causing the vowel of the other syllable (usually Tseri or Kamets), though accented, to fall away before suffix and guttural accessions, as bp, pl. p; that is, it falls away as soon as the tone deserts it and the compound syllable is broken up. It is the most usual and original form for the participle active of the simple root, as i writing, pip killing, though sometimes derived from an older noun and having itself the import of a noun, as pio scribe, probably one who busies himself with a book, keeper of the gate, from a gate, ▷ vine

dresser, from a vineyard.

ORDER II.-NOUNS HAVING ONE OR MORE OF THE RADICALS

DOUBLED.

§ 122. CLASS I.

(a) Nouns in which the Second Radical is doubled,

.cook טבח,,thirst בַּכָּב as

1. The first vowel here is generally Pattah, but sometimes Hireq, and in rare instances Kibbuts. The last may be either Kamets,

as

very weak, Tseri, as Db dumb, Holem, as a mighty, Shureq, as leader, or Hireq, as righteous. A large portion of these are adjectives, in which the Tseri and Holem denote permanent qualities or conditions, and Shureq, as usual, the passive idea, while the doubling of the radical conveys the general notion of intensity. Thus no forgiver, i. e. one who forgives much and readily; and hence with the sense of habitual occupation, as ap porter, cook, hunter (from hunting), p mariner (from П salt, the sea).

2. The form with u is (a) of passive origin, as by friend, prop. one always attached, y pillar, prop. something firmly fixed; or (b) of intransitive origin, with the accessory idea of permanency or abundance, as robbed of young, 7, in full of grace, mercy, always or readily attending. The original () is sometimes changed into o (1), as, iz, ib, or into i (.), as 10, ,, in all which the idea is strongly intensive.

(b) Nouns in which the Third Radical is doubled.

1. The first vowel is Pattah. The last may be either Kamets, as green, or Hireq, as 3 dark red, or Shureq, as hedge of thorns, or Holem, as ridge.

(c) Nouns in which the Two Last Radicals are doubled.

1. The penult vowel is always Pattah. tah, as reddish, or Holem, as in

The last is either Pat.

darkish, or Kibbuts, as

The form expresses the

po a crowd collected from all sides. general idea of intensity, except when applied to colors, in which it denotes that degree of approximation to a fixed color which is indicated by the termination ish in English, as may be seen from the above examples.

ORDER III.-NOUNS AUGMENTED BY THE INSERTION OF LETTERS NOT BELONGING TO THE ROOT.

§ 123. CLASS I.

1. Nouns augmented by prefixing ; as

.constant אֵיתָן,deceitful אַכְזָב,cruel אַכְזָר

This is for the most part an adjective formation, in which the prosdenotes a permanent active quality.

thetic

2. Nouns augmented by prefixing"; as

.adversary יָרִיב,substance יְקוּם,red heifer יַחֲמוּר

This and the preceding formation are comparatively rare in Hebrew; the three following are far more usual.

3. Nouns augmented by prefixing ; as

.step מִצְעָד,number מִסְפָּר ,tower מִגְדָּל

The prefixed in this case is related in its origin to and, giving the idea of a substantial who? or what? in connection with the action. This, its personal import, however, is very confined, and it is much oftener employed in a neuter sense, denoting (1) Place, as pasture (ubi pascitur), an ambush (locus insidi arum); (2) Instrument, as a key (quo aperitur), fem. a pruning-knife; (3) The result of an action, as in booty, i. e. that which is taken, or that which is trodden under foot. the vowels in this formation, the prefix takes either Pattah or Hireq; the last syllable takes Kamets, as pp, Tseri, asap, Holem, as rip, or Shureq, as .

4. Nouns augmented by prefixing ; as

This prefix

.a pine תִּדְהָר ornament תִּפְאָרָה,consolation תַּנְחוּם

As to

seldom occurs with a perfectly strong root, as an recompense for the more ancient 32, but rather with weak roots which are disposed to assume a firmer sound, and even here, especially in derivatives from the longer forms, as Hithpael, whose prefix is preserved in this n, and Hiphil, whose also seems to preserve itself in this harder n. The feminine formation is very prevalent on account of the abstract signification, as an answer,

5. Nouns augmented by affixing 1; as

,circuit תְּקוּפָה .testimony, both from Hiph תְּעוּדָה

.Jeduthun יְדִיתוּן

,building בִּנְיָן

qiz sorrow,

As may be seen from the above examples this affix is sometimes preceded by Kamets, sometimes by Holem, and sometimes by Shureq. The import of the termination 1, or 1 is generally intensive, as total destruction, great affliction, splendid house or palace from nude house, is a very high tower, vină distinguished excellency, glory, exaltation.

6. Nouns augmented by affixing".; as

.a foreigner נָכְרִי,Israelite יִשְׂרְאֵלִי ,Hebrew עִבְרִי

This is the termination used for deriving an adjective from any noun whatever, particularly proper names, leaving the noun itself essentially unaltered, as an inferior from under, northern from north, timely from ny. Abstracts generally appear in

judicial trial פְּלִילִיָּה as ,.ית the fem. form m. or more frequently

from 33 judge,

beginning from head, by activity.

The ending is often changed into , as and sicksick. This gradually becomes an external abstract separation from or rather n separated, weightiness from weighty. Occasionally we meet with

ness from formation, as

רַבּוֹת רָאמוֹת חָכְמוֹת instead of ni, as ות

7. Another class might perhaps be formed of such nouns as exhibit the characteristics of more than one of the preceding classes. Thus from the root has its second radical doubled, and therefore belongs to the first division of the second general class. But it is also augmented by the addition of the syllable i, and con. sequently falls under the fifth division of the third class. It may therefore be termed a mixed form, and a considerable number of such forms might doubtless be enumerated; but having laid down the general principles of nominal formation, it may safely be left to the judgment of the learner to classify such forms as he may meet with that do not appear at first view to come under any of the foregoing orders.

1. The Hebrew, in common with all the Shemitic languages, has but two Genders, the Masculine and Feminine, which are distinguished both by form and signification. Words which in most of the Western languages would be of the Neuter gender are in Hebrew generally of the Feminine, while some are of a doubtful character, apparently fluctuating between the Masculine and Feminine. Others