1. CLASS I. Segolates. As nouns of this class are already in their simplest and most primitive form, they seldom admit any further shortening on account of construction. A few cases of exceptions are given above, § 127. 3. f. to which may be added no,

ע"ע Monosyllabic nouns derived from חֶדֶר סַחַר instead of חֲדַר

verbs admit further shortening only before Maqqeph, as - from nest, from pr statute. From sufficiency, we find const. like. From lamb, const. n, according to § 127. 3. c. but mouth, always makes const. ". The abbreviated friend always returns in construction to its vowel-ending or . From name comes const. Djor ; from 12 son, const. or oceasionally. From absol. i helmet, const. ip, with bare change of tone.

2. CLASS II. In all simple nouns of this formation the fore-tone

; יְשָׁר יָשָׁר regularly disappears, while the final a is shortened, as It sometimes happens, however, that the .שְׁבוּעַ שָׁבוּעַ; דְבַר דָּבָר

short ǎ which is left in such cases, having now the tone upon it, is transferred to the first radical, and gives it a virtual Segolate form, as smoke, const., whence . The forms often retain their characteristic e while the last syllable becomes toneless, as stranger, side; though they may also lose e as fore-tone, as heart, hair. In forms be the final e is primitively shortened to ě, but this can only remain so before Maqqeph, as - from

כְּבַד עֲרַל קְצַר שְׁכַן זְמַן It is most generally changed into d, as .אבל

Much seldomer does e maintain itself as long, as

in verbs, where it is the common form, as seldom falls away, yet with Maqqeph 37, and

n, p, except

7, p. Final o

with Gutt. from

The short words expressive of relationship (father, brother, &c.) have preserved i in const., as,, . On the other hand, const. from 7, and 7 from D show no such relic.

§ 133. NOMINAL SUFFIXES; WITH THE CONSEQUENt Literal and VOWEL CHANGES.

1. Whenever a noun has its idea restricted, not by another noun, but by a personal pronoun, the two words are brought into the closest connexion and made to coalesce in one; the pronoun in its fragmentary or inseparable form being attached to the noun to express the relation of the Genitive, just as the same kind of pronouns is attached to verbs to express the relation of the Accusative; as my word, our word; analogous to which we sometimes find in Greek πατερμού my father, for ancient πατηρ μου = πατηρ Epov, father of me. Consequently the general principles which control the attachment of suffixes to nouns are not essentially different from those which hold in regard to the same connexion in verbs. The nominal suffixes, which are mostly appended to the const. form, are indeed much more extensively and uniformly shortened than the verbal, and they are also more firmly and closely attached, (§ 105. 1); but in other respects the same laws are applicable to both. 2. The principal rules which govern these suffixed formations are the following:

Suffixed Masculine.

(a) In monosyllables a mutable vowel falls away, as by name, my name, in his name; son, my son, her son. Yet

the long vowel sometimes remains in cases where in the Construct it becomes short, as blood, const. D blood of the men, with suf. in his blood, thy blood.

(b) In polysyllables the long mutable penult vowel falls away, but the ultimate remains unless followed by a suffix beginning with a consonant and forming a mixed syllable, when it is shortened, as

In some cases a long vowel before is changed into a kindred short,

.your word דְּבַרְכֵן דְּבַרְכֶם ; our word דְּבָרֵנוּ,,my word דְבָרִי word דָּבָר

ברָא ; thy former יוֹעֶרֶךְ,former יוֹצֵר ; thine enemy איבְךָ,enemy איב as

creator, thy creator; redeemer, thy redeemer.

(c) Segolates assume their primitive monosyllabic form, as 50 (orig. pp) book, thy book; ba (317) foot, a my foot; (*) ear, my ear, thy (f.) tent; rib

(d) Forms and

his ear, DN their ear; bis (b) tent, and by his tent.

T: T

contract the two syllables into one, making quiesce in Tseri, and 7 in Holem, as in the Construct state,

י

,my midst תּוֹכִי ; your house בֵּיתְכֶם,thy house בֵּיתְךָ ,his house בֵּיתוֹ as ,death מָוֶת ; their midst תּוֹכָם ,your midst תּוֹכְכֶם,our midst תּוֹכֵנוּ

inin his death.

e) Three nouns, father, brother, and

father-in-law,

assume a final Yod before suffixes, which in the first pers. sing. coincides with the suffix itself, as my father, " my brother. Elsewhere it is merely epenthetic, as our father, thy father, thy (f.) father-in-law, her father-in-law; 7

אֲבִיכֶן ; their brother אֲחִיהֶם,your brother אֲחִיכֶם,his brother אָחִיהוּ and

your (f.) father, their (f.) father.

(f) Nouns ending in . reject the before suffixes, and always assume as the suffix of the third pers. masc., which is followed by several other nouns of different origin. Thus in work, thy work, in our work, my elsewhere remarked, changes suffix of the first pers. sing., as

his work. The word mouth, as into ", which coincides with the (for) my mouth, √ thy mouth,

mouth, and in their mouth. Among other nouns which as

your פִיכֶם,our mouth פִּינוּ,her mouth פִּיהָ ,his mouth פִּיו and פִּיחוּ

his מִינָחוּ,kind מִין,his light אוֹרֵהוּ,light אור are הו sume the suffix

kind; in a yoke, an his yoke, &c. In some again whose last radical passes into ", this before suffixes becomes moveable, as " (from 7p) fruit," my fruit, 7 and 7 thy fruit, imp

פְּרִיתָן,their fruit פִּרְיָמוֹ and פְּרִיהֶם פִּרְיָם,your fruit פַּרְיְכֶם,his fruit

their (f.) fruit.

(g) If the last letter of a word be virtually doubled, the Dagesh of duplication is usually expressed before the suffix, and if the vowel be long it is changed into its homogeneous short; though the latter peculiarity occurs much oftener in monosyllables than elsewhere, asp (from pp) statute, "pṛ my statute, thy statute, pṛ their statute, ipṛ his statute; 55 (from 335) totality, his totality, their totality, i. e. the whole of them, or they all; p◄ (from PP7) spittle, “p my spittle.

(h) Feminine Singular with Suffixes.—The Feminine termination , before suffixes is changed into and before the grave suf

T

T

נְקָמָה ; my disgrace חֶרְפָּתִי ,disgrace חָרְפָּה into 1., as כֶן and כֶם fixes נִשְׁמָתִי ,breath נְשָׁמָה ; our revenge נִקְמָתֵנוּ,my revenge נִקְמָתִי revenge

my breath, your breath,

your (f.) breath. A slightly different analogy of formation is observed in in our kindred, Ruth 3. 2, for

.

(i) Masculine Plural and Dual with Suffixes.—In these numbers, as in the Construct, the characteristic terminating is dropped, and the which remains quiesces in Tseri before the plural suffixes, but in Segol before and, asking, kings, our kings, thy kings, her kings. Before suffix the final coalesces and goes into the dipthongal, as is enemy, enemies, my enemies. Before it is pronounced with short Hireq, and before suffix 1 of the third person it either quiesces in Ka

his איְבָר or אֹיְבָיו,thine (f) enemies איְבַיִךְ mets or is rejected, as thy רַגְלֶיךָ,my feet רַגְלַי ,two feet רַגְלַיִם,foot רֶגֶל Thus also

enemies.

her feet,

feet, thy (f.) feet, 17317 and 1317 his feet, our feet, your feet, their feet. (k) Feminine Plural with Suffixes.—Plurals with the Feminine termination i assume before the suffixes, as if from the primitive Masc. termination with final elided. The vowel changes follow the analogy of § 27. 7-9. Thus in law, niin laws, niin my laws, in his laws; counsel, y counsels, thy (f)

מַחְשְׁבוֹתֶיךָ,my thoughts מַחְשְׁבוֹתַי מַחֲשָׁבוֹת .thought, pl מַחֲשָׁבָה ; counsels

T

thy thoughts, our thoughts. Instead of and we often meet with and 1,, which are otherwise suffixes to the singular, as binis their signs, in their generations, in their laws, p their righteousnesses.