land, and they soon rivalled France in merinos and other stuffs. The quality was improved and the price reduced by their means; and, notwithstanding that the fabrication of cotton and linen goods competed seriously with low-priced woollens, and the production of wool in Englund has increased 25 per cent. since 1800, the increasing wants of the trade have required the above quantities of foreign wool, which, as seen, have increased near 700 fold, and it is admitted duty free. The British New-Holland colonies have supplied a large portion of it; but the wool of the United States is now being rapidly introduced into English consumption, and will become a large item of export thither.

SILK was known as a fabric as early as Edward III., and the manufacture was introduced soon after the battle of Cressy, in 1347. We have already stated that a great impulse was given to it by the settlement of Spitalfield by the French refugees; and down to the close of the 17th century the manufacture flourished, both in France and England, until the value, which had been proclaimed by Horace and Virgil equal to its weight in gold, was, in 1694, fixed officially at 7s. 4d. per lb. for Bengal raw silk, and 11s. 4d. for that of Italy. In 1718, the manufacture received a new impulse from one John Lombe, who went to Italy and surreptitiously obtained models of machinery, which he erected at Derby. On his death, which happened soon after, the government paid his heirs £14,000 to annul the patent he had obtained, and silkmills were speedily erected in all directions. Acout the year 1763, some improvements in throwing and in manufacture reduced the price, which producing distress, the usual remedy of prohibiting foreign silk was resorted to. This, of course, increased the distress of the operatives, and a serious riot, in 1770, was the result. Under the protection thus afforded, the manufacture declined, as is evident from a diminution in the import of the raw material. The events of the war, during the twenty years subsequent to 1793, when war was declared, caused the import of raw silk and the smuggling of the prohibited manufactures, to undergo great vicissitudes. The suspension of the war, by deranging the whole system of exchanges that had grown up, based

upon the immense operations of the government treasury, produced ruinous disasters. In the year 1820, industry began to recover from the disastrous effects of peace. At the time of the silk riots, in 1773, order was restored by the establishment of a list of prices, which was legalized by George III., for the district of Spitalfields. After the war was over, and skill and industry began to regulate prices, and not protective laws, the manufacturers of Macclesfield, not subject to the "protection" of Spitalfields, were enabled to surpass them in the London market. The distress thus produced, resulted, in 1822, in the repeal of the protection of Spitalfields, the reduction of the duty on raw silk from 5s. 6d. to 3d. per lb., and the repeal of the law prohibiting foreign silks, thus throwing the trade open to competition. The effect of this freedom of trade, which it was asserted would ruin all the silk weavers of England, has been to raise the cousumption of the raw material, from 2,641,866 lbs., to 6,207,678 lbs.; an increase of 3,560,000 lbs. in 20 years, or near 50 per cent. more than the result of the previous 500 years of protection.

The manufacture of LINEN has long been prosecuted in England; but about the end of the 17th century was indirectly encouraged in Ireland, to please the wool manufacturers of England. In the reign of William III., the woollen manufacturers becoming alarmed at the progress of the manufacture in Ireland, modestly asked to have it suppressed. The king, in answer, made the following promise:

"I shall do all that in me lies to discour age woollen manufactures in Ireland, and encourage the linen manufacture; and to promote the trade of England."

The measure adopted was to prohibit the export of woollen goods from Ireland, except to England; and a prohibitory duty existed in England. As a kind of offset, a bounty on the export of linen from Ireland, was granted, which continued to 1830. The great improvements in the spinning of linen in England, have enabled her to create a large trade in the export of linen yarn to France and Ireland. The former has, of late, endeavored to exclude the yarn, to encourage spinning in

tion in all their forms all over the world. Thus, it was not until 1814 that the power-loom was known in the United States, and was far from generally used in England in 1813. The constant occupation of the most fertile lands in the southern states, with the increase in the slave population in a ratio more rapid than that of the whites in Europe, have served to throw out a most prolific supply of the raw material, yearly, making England more dependant upon them for a supply. .

The manufacture of cotton in Europe has progressed under all its difficulties nearly to as great an extent as

in the United States. France import ed, in 1812, 14,000,000 lbs. raw cot ton, and in 1844, she received 120,000000 lbs. from the United States; Germany and Holland, 20,000.000 lbs., and Austria 13,000,000 lbs., which describes nearly the extent of the manufacture in those countries. From what has been here said, it will be observed that the English manufacture has progressed. since the peace in a greater degree than that of any other country, and for the reason that she has gradually abandoned entirely the principle of protection. The quantities of her leading exports have been as follows:

It is observable, that in spite of all the tariffs that have been enacted, and all the protection accorded to the manufacturers of the North of Europe, the market in that direction has increased more than to her own colonies, to which, by the way, the exports were large in 1814, during the war with the United States, for indirect entry into this country. Of the total of 47 millions sterling exported in 1842, 36 millions was of the above four articles, of

which we have treated. It is apparent that that vast commerce is dependant entirely upon a state of peace, more particularly with that country on which England most depends for a supply of the raw materials. In the last quarter of a century, the progress of steam communication in vessels and on railroads, has been such as to "annex,' commercially, the nations of Europe and America too closely to allow of future wars.

THE time is not arrived when the above motto shall be understood,—but as every day's events bring it nearer to us, I have concluded to bring forth some facts relating to the late Polish revolution, in which I was personally engaged. I will merely state the facts, of which I was an eye-witness, or in which I took some part, and let the reader form his opinion out of them, and see into the vista of futurity which they may, perchance, open to him.

Poland, at the time of the revolution of 1830, was-and, at this time, is parcelled into five distinct portions. One portion of her territory, numbering about 11 millions of inhabitants, or more, is incorporated with the empire of Russia. Another portion, numbering 4,451,175 of inhabitants, is incorporated with the empire of Austria. The third portion, with a population of 3,082,205, makes a part of Prussia. The fourth part, numbering 140,000 inhabitants, constitutes the independent Republic of Cracow ;-but under the "paternal" tutelage of the emperors of Russia and Austria, and the king of Prussia. The fifth part, numbering over 4 millions of inhabitants, constitutes the Kingdom of Poland. This kingdom has a separate existence, and is united with the

empire of Russia only politically. The emperors of Russia are its kings, and do not rule it in their character of emperors, but in that of the kings of Poland. The seat of government of this kingdom is in its capital city at Warsaw,-and here the revolution of 1830 commenced Some writers state that when this revolution commenced, the Russian army did not exceed two or three hundred thousand men,-the fact is, however, that it did exceed six hundred thousand men before the French revolution of July; and immediately after that revolution, it was increased to eight hundred thousand men,-of which there were more than 180,000 in the Polish provinces, incorporated with the empire of Russia, and about 18,000 in the Kingdom of Poland, viz:-Some 10 or 12 thousand were in the city of Warsaw, and in the fortress Modlin, situated about 15 English miles from the city of Warsaw; and about 6,000 Cossacks were on the frontiers of the kingdom. The Polish army, at the same time, numbered 32 thousand,-of which three thousand seven hundred were in the city of Warsaw, and the residue, 27 thousand some hundred, spread in various parts of the kingdom. The Russians who garrisoned Warsaw,

were lodged in the barracks, situated in the extremities of the city, and communicating one with another by a Macadamized road, which runs around it. Or the two barracks situated in the centre of the city, one was occupied by 1200 of our soldiers, and the other by the Russian guards. The remainder of our soldiers who garrisoned the city, were divided into very small detachments, and lodged in the same barracks with the Russians. It appeared from this location of the Russian army, that the city was besieged. Besides, the Russians had on all the squares, principal places, and streets, military posts, which maintained strong patrols, day and night. These patrols met every hour at the appointed stations, and communicated their observations to their respective commanders of the aforesaid military posts-who, in their turn, were watched by the superior officers roving on horseback from one post to the other-and reporting their observations every hour to the central military post, which was located in the centre of the city. The general commander of this last post, three, four, and sometimes five and six times a day, personally reported to the Grand Duke Constantine (the brother of the Emperor) all the news which was thus gathered by him. There was, also. an organized body of secret spies spread throughout the kingdom, (and in all the parts of the Russian empire.) A list of two thousand, at Warsaw only, was found in the office of the Grand Duke Constantine. These spies mingling with the unsuspecting inhabitants, in the common course of business, reported their observations, and often their own imagined suspicions of plots or conspiracies, to the police inspectors, whose number was 52 in the city of Warsaw, and seven or eight in the suburb of Praga. The inspectors again reported all the gathered news to the police commissioners. And these last were obliged to see, twice a day, the chief of the police office to report to him, personally, their daily intelligence, and to receive from him the daily orders of the Grand Duke Constantine. This chief of the police was a privy counsellor of the Grand Duke, and communicated with him three times a day, and more, when the occasion required. Besides this, there were spies watching

the spies, and these overspies communicated, personally, with the Grand Duke Constantine himself, and only at certain appointed periods in the dead of night. So closely were the Poles watched when the fire of the revolution, which burst out on the 29th of November, 1830, was smouldering in their hearts. And, yet, when the 29th of November came, no sooner was the appointed hour of half-past six in the evening sounded from the towers of the city, than some companies of our troops, numbering about 500 men, took their position under the arsenal, which was very near the Russian barracks, situated in the centre of the city; and about a thousand men took possession of the roads which as aforesaid communicated between the barracks occupied by the Russians; a few hundred men at the same time secured the national bank and the treasury. This being done, a number of officers of the army, some citizens and students of the University, hurried on horseback and on foot through the street, calling, "to arms!-to arms!the arsenal is ours." At this same time, Lieutenant Wysocki, a professor in the military school of the Polish cadets, which school was situated in a romantic thicket at the distance of about four English miles from the arsenal, addressed the cadets in the following terms: "Poles, the hour of vengeance has come, this night we must conquer or die!-follow me, and may your breasts prove a Thermopyle against the enemies of freedom." The number of cadets did not exceed 163. Three of their youthful heroes and sixteen students of the university, who were waiting in the thicket, went instantly to the palace of the Grand Duke Constantine, in order to arrest his Imperial Highness, which palace is situated at the distance of an English mile from their military school. And 160 cadets attacked, at this same time, two Russian barracks, situated in the opposite direction, at the distance of half a mile from their school. There were near two thousand Russian cavalry in the above named barracks. But so unexpected and so brisk was the attack of our cadets, that the Russians were completely routed and dispersed in less than five minutes. Some of our companies had to unite with the cadets, at the signal to be given by firing