but comes true and fair upon the opening which it defends. The inner surface of the trap-door is white and felt-like, and exactly resembles the interior of the tube, but its outer surface is covered with earth, taken from the soil in which the hole is dug. As the trap-door is flush with the surface of the ground, it is evident that, when it is closed, all traces of the burrow and its inhabitant are lost.

The spider is urged by a curious instinct to make its tunnel in some sloping spot, and to keep the hinge uppermost, so that when the inhabitant leaves its home, or retreats to the extremity of its burrow, the door closes of its own accord, and effectually conceals it. New-comers into the country which the Trap-door Spider inhabits are often surprised by seeing the ground open, a little lid lifted up, and a rather formidable spider peer about, as if to reconnoitre the position before leaving its fortress. At the least movement on the part of the spectator, back pops the spider, like the cuckoo on a clock, clapping its little door after it quite as smartly as the wooden bird, and in most cases succeeds in evading the search of the astonished observer, the soil being apparently unbroken, without a trace of the curious little door that had been so quickly shut.

In the British Museum there is one of these tubes, which tells a curious story, and shows that the spider which made it had chosen cultivated ground for its residence. About three inches from the mouth of the tube, there is a tough, leathery flap, the object of which is not very apparent. A closer examination shows that this flap was once a trap-door, and that the spider had lengthened its cell and made a second door at the new entrance. This fact proved that the ground had increased in thickness since the spider completed its habitation, and that the addition to the surface was yery rapid, for the spider is not remarkable for longevity, and yet, in its short life, three inches o! soil had covered the entrance of its silken cell. Evidently the creature had burrowed in cultivated soil, most probably in a garden, and in process of tilling the ground, a spadeful or two of earth had been thrown over the trap-door. Being thus imprisoned, the spider had no other resource but to push its way through the earth, lengthen its tube, and make another door level with the new surface.

The spider itself is an odd-looking creature, with rather short,

but very powerful legs, and a most formidable pair of fangs. These fangs are notable for the fact that their bases are furnished with a series of sharply-pointed barbs. This peculiarity has given to the spider the generic name of Cteniza, this title being derived from a Greek word signifying a comb. The abdomen is very large, round, and firm, and from its tip project the spinnerets, by means of which the silken tunnel is made. Altogether, it has so crustacean an aspect, that, in common with many other species, it is called by the French the Crab-spider. The length of the specimen now before me is about an inch and a quarter, exclusive of the legs.

It is nocturnal in its habits, and during the night it leaves its burrow and hunts for prey. Insects of various kinds fall victims to this spider, and at the bottom of its tunnel may be found the relics of its feast, often including the remains of tolerably large beetles. If, when it is within its home, the lid be lifted gently, the spider hastens to the entrance, hooks its hind legs to the silken lining of the lid, and the fore legs to the side of the tube, and resists with all its might. Some writers have averred that it employs the curved fangs for this purpose, and that the comblike array of barbs is useful in giving it a stronger hold; but a very slight examination of the spider will show that such an action would be impossible, and that even if the fangs were hitched into the silk, the barbs would have no effect whatever on the firmness of the hold.

Nothing short of actual violence will induce the Trap-door Spider to vacate the premises which it so courageously defends. It will permit the earth to be excavated around its burrow, and the whole nest to be removed, without deserting its home; and in this manner specimens have been removed and placed in positions where their proceedings could be watched. Some few months ago, several examples of the Trap-door Spider and its nest were to be seen in the reptile-room of the Zoological Gardens. Boldly as the spider guards its home, and energetic as it is while engaged in defence, it is no sooner removed from the burrow than it loses all its activity, remains fixed to the spot as if stupified, or, at the best, walks languidly about without appearing to have any definite object in view.

Trap-door Spiders inhabit many parts of the world. In the British Museum is a curious specimen of a nest, which is

furnished with two doors, one at each end. The door of one end is rather loosely and irregularly made, as is, indeed, the whole end of the nest; but, at the other extremity, the door is beautifully rounded, very smooth, and fitting with astonishing neatness into the aperture. This curious specimen was discovered in Albania, and presented by W. Wilson Saunders, Esq.

The gem of the collection, however, for accuracy and finish, is one that is the work of an Australian spider, and was found at Adelaide. Only the upper part of the tube is preserved, so as to show the valve which closes it; but no one who really takes an interest in natural history can pass this nest without pausing in admiration. The workmanship is wonderful, and the hole, with its cover, looks as if it had been made in clay, by means of the potter's wheel, so regular and true are its outlines. The hole itself is circular, but the door is semi-circular, the hinge extending across the middle of the aperture.

Two points in this door are specially worthy of notice, the one being that its edge, as well as that of the aperture, is bevelled off inwards, so that the accurate closure of the entrance is rendered a matter of absolute certainty. The second point is, that the outer surface of the door, together with the surrounding earth, is ingeniously covered with little projections, so that when the door is closed, the line which, on smooth ground, would have marked its presence is totally hidden. The shape of the door, too, is remarkable. Towards its hinge it is comparatively thin, but upon the edge it is very thick, solid, and heavy, so that its own weight is sufficient to keep it firmly closed. The "hinge," to which allusion has frequently been made, is not a separate piece of workmanship, but is a continuation of the silken tube which lines the tunnel. An exact imitation of its principle may be made by taking the cover of a book, and cutting it across from the inside, until all its substance except the cloth or leather is severed, and then bending the two portions back. The cloth or leather will then form a hinge precisely similar to that of the Trap-door Spider, the pasteboard taking the place of the earthen door.

CHAPTER VII.

BURROWING INSECTS.

HYMENOPTERA.

The SAUBA ANT and its habitation-Use of the "parasol" leaves-Mr. Bates account of the insect-Enormous extent of the Dwelling-The DUSKY ANT— Its Strength and Perseverance-Man and insect Contrasted-The BROWN ANT -Form of its Habitation-Regulation of Temperature-Necessity of Moisture - How the Ant constructs Ceilings-Mining Bees-The ANDRENA and its burrowing Powers-The EUCERA-Its Habitation and curious method of liberating the Antennæ-The SCOLIA, its Burrows and its Prey-The INDIAN SPHEX and its Ingenuity-The MELLINUS and OXYBELUS-Curious method of Catching Prey-The PHILANTHUS, its Burrow, and the Food of its Young-The HUMBLE BEE-Its general Habits-Locality of its Dwelling-Development of the Young -The LAPIDARY BEE, its Colours, Disposition and Habits-The WASPIts Food and Habitation-Materials and Architecture of the Nest-Disposition, Form, and Number of the Cells-Biography of a Queen Wasp, and History of her Nest-Other British Wasps and their Homes-The MONEDULA and its Prey-Boldness of the insect, and its Uses to Travellers-The BEMBEX-Its energetic Habits, its Food, and Mode of Storing the Nest.

THE burrowing INSECTS now come before our notice.

Of these creatures there is much store, for, indeed, the greater number of insects are wholly or entirely burrowers at some period of their existence. It frequently happens that the very insects which we most admire, which are decorated with the most brilliant colours, and which soar on the most ethereal wings, have passed the greater portion of their lives as burrowers beneath the surface of the earth.

Take, for example, the well-known Mayfly, or Ephemera, so called because its existence was once thought to be comprised within the limits of a single day. How delicate are its gauzy wings; how wonderful are the iridescent tints which play over their surface with a changeful radiance, like that of the opal or the pigeon's neck; and how marvellous is the muscular power which enables the new-born being to disport itself in the air for a period which, in comparison with our own lives, is equal to at