it out; and since Dr. Welch's very first work when he returned to America after completing his education in Europe, away back in 1879, was to establish a type of educational equipment that hitherto had been quite unknown in this countrynamely, the pathological laboratory-he thereby automatically provided himself with a life-work as a teacher of younger

men.

It all happened because, when Dr. Welch finished his formal education, he was fired with enthusiasm for pathology; and since there was no laboratory suitable for his purpose, he decided to create one. Dr. Welch had been graduated from the College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York, and he would perhaps have preferred to establish his laboratory in connection with that institution. But-grotesque as it seems today -no room could be found in the celebrated college that could be used for this purpose; and so Dr. Welch presently found a footing in Bellevue Hospital Medical College, where, by dint of special effort, a corner was vacated in which he

could install his microscopes and test tubes.

The inevitable result followed. The work that Dr. Welch accomplished in the immediately succeeding years-work to

which more detailed reference will be made presently-was so significant that his fame as a pathologist and teacher went abroad, and he was called to the Johns Hopkins University in 1884, to establish a Pathological Institute there, with enlarged opportunities for research,

TWO FAMOUS PUPILS OF DOCTOR WELCH

Doctor Carroll (above) and Doctor Reed (to the left), together with other Johns Hopkins students, were the men who identified the mosquito as the active agent in transmitting yellow fever.

neither hospital nor school of medicine. The young pathologist went to Europe again before taking up specifically his duties at Johns Hopkins, to study the newest bacteriological methods with Koch, whose discovery of the tubercle. bacillus had just roused the enthusiasm

Johns Hopkins the most up-to-date knowledge in the field of his specialty, and for a time his laboratory was the only place in America where the diagnosis of tuberculosis could be made from examination of the sputum, or where the newest bacteriological methods in general (tests for diphtheria, for typhoid fever, for malaria, etc.) were understood and practiced.

A few years later, thanks largely to Dr. Welch's initiative, the Johns Hopkins Hospital was established, followed three or four years later still by the establishment of a medical school, with Dr. Welch as dean and with a professorial corps composed of men he had selected, including Dr. (now Sir William) Osler and Dr. Howard A. Kelly. Dr. Welch by now was absolutely claimed by the work he had almost unconsciously created for himself.

The medical school was put on par with other departments of the University, in that a baccalaureate degree was made a prerequisite to matriculation-an innovation hitherto undreamed of in America. Many friends of the school regarded this as a prohibitive requirement; but in point of fact it served to place the Johns Hopkins Medical School in a class by itself, giving it, from the outset, a select corps of students.

When, presently, laboratories began to be established in connection with other medical schools of high standing, the directors of these laboratories and the newly appointed professors of pathology in the schools were, almost without exception, men who had been pupils of Dr. Welch in Baltimore. Many of them had had no other training in pathology but that acquired in his laboratory.

Dr. Welch tells a story, in connection with one of the early students, that has peculiar interest as illustrating the skepticism with which even leaders in the medical profession at first regarded the new work with microscope and test tube to which the Pathological Institute was consecrated, and which occupied an im

when the hospital was founded and there. was opportunity to extend the work from the laboratory to the bedside. This student had seen a good many years of service as an army surgeon before he came to Johns Hopkins. Permission to undertake new studies was given him by the Surgeon-General with the explicit understanding that he was to devote attention entirely to "practical things", and not to "waste any time on pathology". In a word, he was to learn what he could at the bedside and in the clinics, but to "avoid the microscope".

The young surgeon had no option but to obey. But he looked wistfully, from time to time into the laboratory where the microscope was being used; and finally he got some one to intercede for him with the medical authorities at Washington. At last his request was rather grudgingly granted. He fell on the laboratory work with avidity, following it early and late, until, under Dr. Welch's guidance, he became an accomplished pathologist.

A little later, in Cuba, he put that "theoretical" knowledge to account in doing the most important piece of practical medical work that has been done in our generation-namely, the demonstration that yellow fever is carried exclusively by a certain type of mosquito-the stegomyia-and that the banishment of this mosquito is tantamount to the elimination of a plague that had devastated the tropics time out of mind.

For the student in question was Dr. Walter Reed, and it was his work and that of his three associates (two of whom, Carroll and the martyred Lazear

who died of yellow fever had also been pupils of Dr. Welch at Johns Hopkins) that made possible the subsequent banishment of the plagues from the Panama Canal Zone, under the direction of General Gorgas, and prepared the way for the opening up of many regions of the tropics that hitherto had been pestilential.

It is highly improbable that Reed

edge and the technical skill to make this demonstration but for the training at Johns Hopkins; and this is but one instance among many of the way in which Dr. Welch's knowledge and zeal and inspiration have borne fruit at second hand through the activities of his pupils -of whom, it may be noted, a large number hold positions of high honor in medical institutions of this country and Europe.

For example, Dr. G. H. F. Nuttall, although an American, has the unique distinction of a professorship at Cambridge University and fellowship of the Royal Society; Dr. Simon Flexner is director of the Rockefeller Institute in New York; Drs. F. L. Barker and J. Whitridge Williams are leading members of the Johns Hopkins Medical School and Hospital; and Dr. Winford H. Smith is superintendent of the Johns Hopkins Hospital. But to single out even names of such distinction for specific mention may seem invidious in view of the fact that, of the graduates of the medical school-all of whom were trained in Dr. Welch's laboratory-no fewer than one hundred and thirteen now have the title of "Professor". That fact taken by itself serves to throw Dr. Welch's accomplishment as an educator into high relief. A large volume made up of original articles by his pupils-many of them now famous-was published as a testimonial of admiration and affection in connection with the exercises in honor of the twentyfifth anniversity of his doctorate.

Primarily, then, this foremost of American pathologists is famed as laboratory worker and as teacher of scientific medicine. But he is a man of multiple activities, keenly alive to all the educational and cultural movements of his time; a maker of history as well as a student of history; not merely at home. among men of the world, but a born leader of men. His central interests are at the Johns Hopkins Hospital, to be sure, and have been there for a full quarter of a century; but he is also presi

Health, president of the Board of Directors of the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, and a trustee of the Carnegie Institution. He is a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, a member of the National Academy of Sciences, and an honorary fellow of the Royal Society of Medicine in London. He has been president of the chief medical societies of the United States, including that premier organization, the American American Medical Association; also president of that foremost representative body of men of science of all departments, the American Association for the Advancement of Science.

If we add that Dr. Welch is a member of the distinguished body of contemporaries who have been chosen to act as a jury deciding on the names of the departed Americans who are to be admitted to the Hall of Fame, it will perhaps be unnecessary to extend the list of his honors as might be done almost indefinitely-to give a comprehensive impression of the catholicity of his tastes and the wide range of his activities, and to indicate the regard in which he is held by those who are privileged to know him.

In the field of bacteriology, Dr. Welch's studies were legion. He proved his inventive genius by devising new staining methods, particularly methods calculated to reveal so-called encapsulated bacteria. By the use of his new method, he was able to reveal the presence of a hitherto undiscovered microbe in connection with cases of gangrene of a certain type, and this microbe has since been familiar to the profession as the Bacillus Welchii.

No one who casually runs over such a list of distinctions will need to be told that the celebrated pathologist is not merely a scientist among scientists but a man among men. He is ample of physique, and genial, hearty, urbane, and cordial of manner; himself full of enthusiasm and an inspirer of enthusiasms; an affable, courteous, tactful gentleman, modest to a fault, and imbued through