This article will appear in full in the next number of THE ECLECTIC. THE printers are occupied with Sir Richard Burton's third volume of Supplemental Nights, which will before many weeks be issued to subscribers. They contain the ten tales in Galland, beginning with "Zayn al-Asnam" and "Aladdin." These two have been translated directly from the Arabic MSS. in the Bibliothèque Nationale, lately acquired by M. Hermann Zotenberg (see ACADEMY, January 22d, 1887). This distinguished Orientalist, by the by, is now printing the text of Aladdin" with prolegomena and annotations, which will be most interesting and novel to students. "THE Classical Review," says the Athenæum, is to have an American sub-editor, as the Historical Review already has. It is proposed thus to secure the co-operation of American scholars. In such matters it is best for the two countries to unite. Therefore we do not welcome the prospectus of the American Journal of Psychology. The promoters had much better devote their energies to helping Mind." THE "Leibnitz find," which was recently reported by the German papers, consists of about sixty letters, written in Latin, German, and French. They mostly treat of mathematical topics, and have been offered to the Academy of Sciences at Berlin, which intends to issue the collected works of its founder under the editorship of Professor Zeller. THE Rector of the Heilbronn Gymnasium has just discovered in an old desk two letters from Luther to the Suabian reformer Brenz, of the years 1524 and 1527; and five addressed by Melanchthon, between 1555 and 1557, to the Suabian reformer Lachmann. A MONUMENT is shortly to be erected at Jena to the memory of Fritz Reuter, the most original humorist of modern Germany. THE report recently published on public instruction in Madras shows that education is making steady progress in that presidency. The total number of schools is now 16,014, with 455,837 pupils, showing a considerable increase on recent years. Among the satisfactory features of the report are the steady increase in the number of girls attending primary schools. MR. EDWIN ARNOLD, C.S.I., the author of "The Light of Asia," has in preparation a volume of poems which will contain original pieces. One of these, In an Indian Temple," is a dialogue between an English official, a nautch dancer, and a Brahmin priest, and embodies some Hindoo metaphysics and moral questions in a light lyrical setting, full of Oriental color. Another, “A Casket of Jewels," brings together in a new form recondite legends connected with precious stones. This volume, which will besides the above embrace many minor poems, will be published in the autumn by Messrs. Trübner & Co. THE work upon which Professor Mahaffy has been engaged for some time-and to which his little book on Alexander's Empire, in the series called "The Story of the Nations," and also his recent lectures before the Royal Institution, were in the nature of " chips”—may be expected early in the autumn. It is entitled Greek Life and Thought from the Macedonian to the Roman Conquest; and the publishers are Messrs. Macmillan. THERE is some talk, in Scotch geographical circles, of an expedition to Lake Chad, at the cost of Mr. Andrew Carnegie, and to be commanded by Mr. Joseph Thomson. AN ecclesiastical commission has been appointed at Würzburg in order to make preparations for the commemoration, in 1889, of the introduction of Christianity in Franconia by St. Kilian of Scotland, who is said to have suffered martyrdom at the former Lower Franconian capital in 689. THE English poet, Augusta Webster, is about to publish a long and ambitious dramatic poem. It is to be called "The Sentence," and it deals with the life and times of Caligula. A. TRANSLATION into English of Victor Hugo's "Hernani" has just been published in London by Mrs. Newton Crosland. "THE Athenæum" (London) says concerning the sale of a portion of Mr. George W. Smalley's library, that a copy of Cicero's Cato Major, translated by Logan, and printed at Philadelphia in 1744 by B. Franklin, who prided himself on the volume as the finest production of his press, fetched £11. In the same sale La Fontaine, Œuvres, par Walckenaer, brought £21 10s. Milton's Paradise Lost and Regained, first editions, £17 10S. Pascal, Lettres Provinciales, first edition, £26; and first edition of his Pensées, 16. Ruskin's Modern Painters, Seven Lamps of Architecture, and Stones of Venice, all first editions, £65. Gulliver's Travels, first edition, £21 155. Swinburne's Queen Mother and Atalanta, first editions, £10 12s. 6d. Walton and Cotton's Angler, by Sir N. H. Nicolas, £33 IOS. The total realized by the sale was £1,373 os. 6d." MISCELLANY. PRISON LIFE IN SIBERIA.-Prison life in Siberia is of many varieties, according to the offences of different individuals and the sentences which have been decreed in their cases. The lowest sentence is to simplest banishment for three years, and the hardest to hard labor for life. The simple exile without imprisonment is appointed to live in a certain town, district, or province, and must report to the police at stated intervals. He may engage in certain specified occupations, or rather in any occupation which is not on a prohibited list; for example, he may teach music or painting, but may not teach languages, as they afford the opportunity for propagating revolutionary ideas. He may become a merchant, farmer, mechanic, contractor, or anything else of that sort, and it not infrequently happens that exiles enjoy a degree of prosperity in their new homes that they did not have in European Russia. Exiles and their sons have become millionaires in Siberia; a former Vanderbilt of Likoutsk, the capital of Eastern Siberia, was the son of an exile serf, his enormous fortune having been gained in the overland tea trade. Many exiles become so attached to Siberia that they remain there after their term of banishment is ended, but it should be understood that their cases are the exception rather than the rule. The wife and immature children of an exile may follow or accompany him at the expense of the Government, but cannot return to Europe until his term of service has expired. The object of exile is to furnish a population to this sparsely inhabited region, and it goes without saying that a family man is much more likely to be a good citizen when his wife and children are with him than when they are thousands of miles away. The name of "prisoner" or "exile" is never applied to the banished individuals; in the language of the people they are called unfortunates," and in official documents they are termed "involuntary emigrants." Of those sentenced to forced labor, some are ordered to become colonists; they are furnished with the tools and materials for building a house on a plot of ground allotted to them, and for three years can receive rations from the nearest government station; but when the three years have expired they are expected to support themselves. If they were sent to the southern and western fertile parts of Siberia, their lot would not be a severe one, but the most of these colonists are assigned to the northern regions, where the support of life from tilling the soil or from hunting and fishing is a matter of great difficulty. Those who are kept in prison and sentenced to hard labor are employed in mines, mills, foundries, or on the public roads; many of them wear chains which extend from a girdle around the waist to each ankle, and effectually preclude the possibility of running away. Their life is a hard one, as their food is coarse and often limited in quantity; it is bad enough under kind-hearted overseers and superintendents, and terrible where the masters are cruel, which happens altogether too often. In the time of the first Alexander and the Emperor Nicholas the treatment of prisoners in Siberia was more severe than at present, but even to-day there is great opportunity for amelioration.-The Christian at Work. George Harley, F. R.S., instituted a comparison between the recuperative bodily power of man in rude and in highly civilized life, illustrative of the probable recuperative capacity of the men living in Europe during the Stone Age, in an interesting paper which he lately read at the Anthropological Institute. The essay em bodied new views, and illustrated their tenability by reference to unpublished cases collected by the author or by his friends, showing that evidence existed in abundance to prove that in spite of man, through the salutary influence of civilization, having increased not alone in mental power, but in physique (his strength and his stature having increased, as well as his longevity having been augmented, during his gradual evolution from a state of barbarism into one of civilization), his power of recovery from the effects of bodily hurt, on the other hand, has materially deteriorated under the influence of the same civilizing agents. In fact, it appeared from the examples cited, that every appliance adding to man's bodily comfort, every food pampering his palate and thereby exciting his appetite, as well as any contrivance either stimulating or developing his mental faculties—while increasing his personal enjoyments-materially diminishes his animal vitality, rendering him less able to resist the effects of lethal bodily injuries, or to recover from them as well and as quickly as his barbaric ancestors or his less pecuniarily favored brethren. Dr. G. Harley further quoted selected cases from rude life in a civilized community as well as from North Amer ican Indians and South African Caffres, demonstrating the fact that as a high standard of bodily recuperative power seems to be the normally inherent attribute of the human race, the higher recuperative vitality of the savage over the civilized man is not due to his having gained, but to civilized man having lost, his aboriginal recuperative power.-British Med ical Journal. THE DANGER OF EMOTIONAL Excitement. -The habit of reading sanguinary recitals bristling with the details of the most hideous crimes is one which can hardly fail to produce an unhealthy moral tone in those addicted thereto. Instances are not wanting in which the perusal of the legendary feats of Dick Turpin and his congeners has paved the way to the commission of crime by young and inexperienced persons, to whom crime had been described with a halo of heroism and courage, in which, as a matter of fact, it is generally wanting. The Birmingham coroner recently held an inquest on a young woman, the circumstances of whose death open up another point of view in the harmful results which may accrue from inconsiderate tampering with the emotions. The young woman in question had been to the Grand Theatre to witness the performance of a piece called "The World against Her." She was very much affected by what she saw, and took the earliest possible opportunity of putting an end to an existence which she had just seen depicted in such gloomy colors. No doubt suicide is a comparatively rare sequel to a theatrical performance; but most of us are probably familiar with the depression, occasionally of a very marked character, which may follow a more than usually lugubrious novel or play. Such an effect is, fortunately, ephemeral as a general rule, and affects one less acutely than the troubles of daily life. There are moments, however, when the mind becomes more amenable to such enervating influences, and there are persons who are constitutionally prone to experience violent emotional disturbance, and on whose nervous system too dramatic a recital may produce a really damaging shock. It is more particularly in individuals whose imagination is undisciplined and has not been made subservient to the reasoning faculties, that the most harmful effects are to be witnessed; and, under certain circumstances, the psychical depression may, as in the present instance, give rise to a suicidal impulse. In women and children the absence of due control over the emotions is frequently due to the unhealthy development which results from the ordinary system of female education. Violent emotional disturbances, when frequently repeated, leave a mark on the mind akin to the wrinkles which follow their expression on the features, and disfigure one like the other. Too great care cannot be shown in shielding the young and the emotionally weak from such influences, the effect of which may be injurious and lasting.— British Medical Gazette. AN INDIAN GHOST STORY.-A fakeer, who is said to have lived on terms of intimacy with a ghost for upward of twenty-four years, arrived here from Rungpore recently, accompanied by his friend, a ghost, and is putting up in a garden house in Dum Dum, belonging to Baboo Guru Prosonno Ghose. Between 5 and 6 P.M. there was a small friendly gathering at No. 1 Jorabagan, the town house of Baboo Guru Prosonno Ghose. Baboo Dukhina Runjun, a wealthy zemindar of Rungpore, was one of the party. The ghost happens to be an old acquaintance of this gentleman, and was introduced by him several years ago to the late Rajah Baroda Kant Bahadoor. Many were the interviews which both the Rajah and Baboo Dukhina Runjun had with the spirit in days gone by. The spirit is said to be under great obligations to Baboo Dukhina Runjun, for, at the spirit's request or recommendation, the Baboo has made the present of a taluk to the fakeer, the friend and travelling companion of the ghost, yielding an income of 7000 rupees per annum, which the fakeer still enjoys. Baboo Dukhina Runjun believed the ghost could not have forgotten this. It was upon the strength of this belief that he asked the party assembled at Jorabagan to start for Dum Dum at once, although Baboo Guru Prosonno had been told by the fakeer that it would be advisable to allow the spirit two or three days' rest from the fatigues of travel before an interview was sought. The party started, and it was 9 P.M. when they reached the garden at Dum Dum. Up to 1 A.M. all efforts to extract a word from the spirit were of no avail, until the most earnest supplication of Baboo Dukhina Runjun, asking for the spirit's blessings, met with the response, Go with my blessings," uttered in a deep and resounding tone, and seeming to come from the branch of a tree. As soon as the ghost is found more desirably communicative the public will be duly informed of it. Dr. Sircar, we hear, has been already invited.-Calcutta Daily News. 64 THE views taken in the preceding article as to the combination of efforts being the chief source of our wealth explain why most anarchists see in communism the only equitable solution as to the adequate remuneration of individual efforts. There was a time when a family engaged in agriculture, and supported by a few domestic trades, could consider the corn they raised and the plain woollen cloth they wove as productions of their own and nobody else's labor. Even then such a view was not quite correct: there were forests cleared and roads built by common efforts; and even then the family had continually to apply for communal help, as is still the case in so many village communities. But now, under the extremely interwoven state of industry, of * Nineteenth Century, February, 1887. The present article has been delayed in consequence of the illness of the author. NEW SERIES.-VOL. XLVI., No. 4 which each branch supports all others, such an individualistic view can be held no more. If the iron trade and the cotton industry of this country have reached so high a degree of development, they have done so owing to the parallel growth of thousands of other industries, great and small; to the extension of the railway system; to an increase of knowledge among both the skilled engineers and the mass of the workmen ; to a certain training in organization slowly developed among British producers; and, above all, to the worldtrade which has itself grown up, thanks to works executed thousands of miles away. The Italians who died from cholera in digging the Suez Canal, or from "tunnel-disease'' in the St. Gothard Tunnel, have contributed as much toward the enrichment of this country as the British girl who is prematurely growing old in serving a machine at 28 Manchester; and this girl as much as the engineer who made a labor-saving improvement in our machinery. How can we pretend to estimate the exact part of each of them in the riches accumulated around us? We may admire the inventive genius or the organizing capacities of an iron lord; but we must recognize that all his genius and energy would not realize one-tenth of what they realize here if they were spent in dealing with Mongolian shepherds or Siberian peasants instead of British workmen, British engineers, and trustworthy managers. An English millionaire who succeeded in giving a powerful impulse to a branch of home industry was asked the other day what were, in his opinion, the real causes of his success? His answer was -"I always sought out the right man for a given branch of the concern, and I left him full independence-maintaining, of course, for myself the general supervision." Did you never fail to find such men?" was the next question. "Never." "But in the new branches which you introduced you wanted a number of new inventions." "No doubt; we spent thousands in buying patents." This little colloquy sums up, in my opinion, the real case of those industrial undertakings which are quoted by the advocates of an adequate remuneration of individual efforts' in the shape of millions bestowed on the managers of prosperous in.dustries. It shows in how far the efforts are really "individual." Leaving aside the thousand conditions which sometimes permit a man to show, and sometimes prevent him from showing, his capacities to their full extent, it might be asked in how far the same capacities could bring out the same results, if the very same employer could find no trustworthy managers and no skilled workmen, and if hundreds of inventions were not stimulated by the mechanical turn of mind of so many inhabitants of this country. British industry is the work of the British nation -nay, of Europe and India taken together-not of separate individuals. While holding this synthetic view on production, the anarchists cannot consider, like the collectivists, that a remuneration which would be proportion ate to the hours of labor spent by each person in the production of riches may be an ideal, or even an approach to an ideal, society. Without entering here into a discussion as to how far the exchange value of each merchandise is really measured now by the amount of labor necessary for its production-a separate study must be devoted to the subject—we must say that the collectivist ideal seems to us merely unrealizable in a society which would be brought to consider the necessaries for production as a common property. Such a society would be compelled to abandon the wage-system altogether. It appears impossible that the mitigated individualism of the collectivist school could co-exist with the partial communism implied by holding land and machinery in common -unless imposed by a powerful government, much more powerful than all those of our own times. The present wage-system has grown up from the appropriation of the necessaries for production by the few; it was a necessary condition for the growth of the present capitalist production; and it cannot outlive it, even if an attempt be made to pay to the worker the full value of his produce, and money be substituted by hours of labor checks. Common possession of the necessaries for production implies the common enjoyment of the fruits of the common production; and we consider that an equitable organization of society can only arise when every wage-system is abandoned, and when everybody, contributing for the common well-being to the full extent of his capacities, shall enjoy also from the common stock of society to the fullest possible extent of his needs. We maintain, moreover, not only that communism is a desirable state of society, but that the growing tendency of modern society is precisely toward communism-free communism - notwithstanding the seemingly contradictory growth of individualism. In the growth of individualism (especially during the last three centuries) we merely see the endeavors of the individual toward emancipating himself from the steadily growing powers of Capital and the State. But side by side with this growth we see also, throughout history up to our own times, the latent struggle of |