DIALYSIS IS separating crystallizable from uncrystallizable solids by placing a solution containing both in a porous diaphragm, the under surface of which is in contact with water. EFFLORESCENCE-A loss of moisture by a salt in presence of air. ELUTRIATION—Is obtaining a fine powder by suspending an insoluble powder in water and decanting the liquid containing the lighter particles. EMULSION-An aqueous preparation in which oily or resinous substances are suspended by the agency of viscid or gummy substances. EXSICCATION-Depriving solid substances of moisture at a high temperature. EFFERVESCENCE-Ebullition from chemical reac tion. FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION--Distillation where a lighter liquid is to be separated from a heavier one. FUSION-Is the process of liquifying bodies by heat. FILTRATION Separating liquids from solids by passing the liquids through a filter. GRANULATION-Obtaining a coarse powder by constantly stirring a liquid containing a solid in solution while the liquid is being evaporated. ISOMERIC-An epithet applied to different bodies which agree in composition, but differ in properties. ISOMORPHOUS-An epithet applied to different bodies which have the same crystalline form. IGNITION--Consists in strongly heating solid or semi-solid substances to obtain a definite residue. INCINERATION-Is the burning of organic substances to ashes in air. The ash is the part sought. LEVIGATION IS reducing substances to a minute powder by trituration after they have been made into a paste with water. MACERATION-Soaking the drug in a menstruum to extract its virtues. PRECIPITATION-Is separating solids from liquids by heat, light, or chemical reaction. PERCOLATION-Passing a menstruum through a powdered drug in a percolator. SOLUTION-TO dissolve in a liquid. SUBLIMATION-Vaporizing and condensing a solid. TORREFACTION-Is the process of roasting organic substances. The constituents are modified but not charred. TRITURATION-Rubbing in a mortar. THERAPEUTIC CLASSIFICATION OF MEDICINES. ANTACIDS-Remedies which neutralize acids. ANTIPYRETICS-Reduce the temperature of the body. APHRODISIACS-Excite the functions of the genital organs when morbidly depressed. ANTISPASMODICS-Relieve or prevent spasmodic. pain or the spasmodic action of the muscles. ANESTHETIC-Gaseous vapors employed to produce surgical anæsthesia. ANTHELMINTICS-Medicines which destroy worms, or expel them from the bowels. ALTERATIVE-A medicine employed to modify the nutritive process of the body when in a diseased condition. ANTISEPTIC-Substances which prevent putrefac tion. ASTRINGENT-A substance which causes contraction of the tissues. CARMINATIVES-Aid in the expulsion of gases from the stomach and intestines. CATHARTICS-Cause evacuations of the bowels. CHOLAGOGUE-A medicine which increases the flow of bile. DEMULCENT-A substance which lubricates the surface to which applied, and prevents the contact of irritating substances. DIAPHORETIC-A medicine which increases the cutaneous discharge. DEODORIZER-Substances which decompose offensive effluvia. DISINFECTANT-Substances which decompose putrid and infectious matter. DIURETIC-A medicine which acts on the kidneys and produces an increased flow of urine. EMMENAGOGUE-A medicine which excites the menstrual secretion. EMOLLIENT-A substance which serves as a vehicle for the application of warmth and moisture. EMETIC-A medicine which acts on the stomach, producing vomiting. EXPECTORANTS-Aid or modify the secretions of the air passages and promote expulsion of mucous and other fluids from the lungs and trachea. HYPNOTICS-Remedies inducing sleep, they may be narcotics, which stupefy, or anodynes, which lessen excitement and relieve pain. IRRITANTS-Are applied locally to produce counter-irritation, inflammation, vesication, etc. OXYTOCICS-Increase the contractile power of the uterus. UTERINE SEDATIVES-Diminish uterine contractions. NARCOTICS-Medicines which have a sedative influence, frequently promote sleep, relieve pain and produce insensibility. TONICS Medicines which stimulate the nutritive processes. Weight, Measure and Specific Gravity. What is Weight? Weight is the difference between the attraction of the earth and that of surrounding bodies for bodies on the surface of the earth. What is meant by Volume? Volume is the space occupied by a certain amount of matter. What standards are used upon which to base the system of weights? The Grain and the Meter. What systems of weights used in Pharmacy are based on the Grain? The Troy or Apothecaries' system and the Avoirdupois system. State the denominations of each. Troy or Apothecaries' Weight: 20 grains I scruple; 3 scruples I drachm; 8 drachms I ounce; 12 ounces pound. Avoirdupois Weight: 4371⁄2 grains I ounce; 16 ounces == I pound. I State the Symbols of each. Troy: Grain or grains, gr.; scruple, ; drachm, 3; ounce, 3. Avoirdupois: Ounce, oz.; pound, b. How many grains do the ounce of each system contain, respectively, and what is the difference in grains between the Troy and Avoirdupois ounce? Avoirdupois ounce 4371⁄2 gr.; Troy ounce 480 gr. Troy ounce 42% grains greater. What is the difference in grains between the Avoirdupois and Troy pound? Avoirdupois pound, 7000 grs.; Troy pound, 5760. Avoirdupois pound, 1240 grains greater. What is Measure? The bulk or extension of bodies. What Systems of Measure are used in Pharmacy? Apothecaries' or Wine Measure, Imperial or British Measure, and the Metric System. I State the denominations of Apothecaries' Measure: 60 minims I fluidrachm; 8 fluidrachms fluidounce; 16 fluidounces I pint; 8 pints I gallon. Imperial Measure: 60 minims I fluidrachm; 8 fluidrachms I fluidounce; 20 fluidounces I pint; 8 pints I gallon. What is a Minim? The 60th part of a fluid drachm. How many ounces in one Imperial pint? Twenty. What is a Meniscus? Owing to capillary attraction, the top of the liquid in a graduated pipette presents a cup shape. This is called a meniscus. A line drawn through the bottom of the meniscus is usually selected as the reading point. What is the size of a drop? Erroneously, a drop is supposed to be a minim; but though this may be approximately true when applied to water, it is not true in regard to any other liquid. Thick, viscous liquids produce large drops; heavy, mobile liquids, small ones. A drop of syrup of acacia is five times as large as a drop of chloroform. The shape and surface from which the drop is poured also influences its size. What is the equivalent of- A teaspoonful. A dessertspoonful. A tablespoonful. A wineglassful. A teacupful. 1 fluidrachm. 2 fluidrachms. |