time within the next century, to supply the means and the sinews of war for such an undertaking? What would be easy and light to the financial means of such a triple alliance against her, would be impracticable for Russia alone; and both the nation and its chief, I believe, are fully aware of this impossibility. The marshal, however, sums up his reasoning by two considerations, which he admits have their value against the opinions he delivers. First, he says, that all the advantages he points out in favour of the Russians belong to the first occupant; that is to say, if our combined fleet passed the Dardanelles and arrived first at Constantinople, and if with an army we could then occupy Adrianople with a fortified camp, the Russians would have immense difficulties to overcome. The probability is, however, we should pass the Dardanelles before any fleet of Russia could be in force there; and, without debarkation of land troops for a fortified camp at Adrianople, I think the Russians would hardly take possession of Constantinople in presence of the combined fleets of France and England.

"Secondly, the marshal considers that Prussia would probably be inclined to adopt the Russian side of the question; but if she did not, he conceives this might make a great difference in the forces Prussia might bring into the field, and the manner she might aid the military operations.

"For both these reasons, I am of opinion that the deductions the marshal has made are adverse to the interests and powers of a resisting triple alliance."-Londonderry, vol. i. pp. 161, 162.

We may notice upon this point, independent of the support afforded to our own opinions by the noble writer, that these and similar considerations have already been made by the Austrian government. There are also one or two additional facts to which we would call attention.

Whatever might be the monied deficiencies of Austria herself, these in case of necessity would be supplied by England. The latter also could easily furnish Poland with all the means requisite for aggression if desirable, and this by the Adriatic. Her fleets also could assist Sweden and menace the Baltic on the north side; creating a diversion against Prussia, if disposed to assist her gigantic northern neighbour. Prussia however must be on the side that can secure to her Posen, or give her an equivalent for it.

Of Poland we have already spoken much. We may add, that a nation that has once had a kingdom, never forgets it, any more than a ruined housekeeper his home, even amid the gentle joys of a workhouse. The Jews are an instance of the fact.

It was undoubtedly a well-turned sentence for the Emperor Alexander to call the Dardanelles the "key of his own house." He should rather have said of his neighbour's. Extending along two sides of the Black Sea, the Russian empire can have no more to fear from fleets than France, Spain, or any other power that has a maritime coast. She however has more to gain from Turkey

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friendly and allied, than dependant and despoiled. If Constantinople were seized, the Sultan driven to Asia would be a formidable enemy whenever Russia was elsewhere employed, and a point of support for eastern operations against her. If Russia then advanced through Persia to India, from Turkey she would never be safe; of Persia never secure.

Nearly the same might be said of the Caucasian districts, reluctant as these are known to be to any civilised or systematic rule. The Russian government is imitating the Austrian formation of military colonies on a dangerous frontier: but there is a wide difference between the Servian, &c. and the Caucasian and Circassian, though the step is certainly calculated for the consolidation of the Russian power between the Euxine and the Caspian. Military colonies are to be established in those provinces, viz. on this side of the Caucasus, to the west and south of the Terek and the north of the Kuban, and beyond the Caucasus, in the province of Osbarek; and on the east coast of the Black Sea, in Imeretia and Abassia, as far as the fortress of Gagry; that is, all round the country of the Circassians and the other tribes not yet subdued, who live in the mountains to the east of the Black Sea, southwards from the Kuban to Gagry. The subjection of the southern bank of the Kuban, and the establishment of military colonies there, is kept in view. The Petersburgh Journal publishes a part of the resolution, dated Teflis, October 10, 1837, and will continue it. The number of families of Russian soldiers to be settled there is fixed at 2,000, of which 500 are to go there this year. For this purpose married soldiers from the several corps of the army, who possess the necessary qualifications, and have served fifteen years, will be discharged from their regiments and settled in the military colonies.

Any operations far up the Caspian must include, for safety in its line of operations, the districts of Bokhara and Khiva. They are refractory enough. It must not, however, be imagined that a Russian expedition to chastise the insolence of these Tatars is necessarily a movement upon India. Few but those conversant with these predatory tribes can have a conception of their eternal ravage and murderous and wauton outrages. The Russian government is bound to give protection to its own subjects engaged in commerce, too often so infamously treated by these detestable and faithless savages.

It is indeed to form a barrier against their southern races that Persia has been encouraged to move eastward to Khorassan; but had those who talk of Russian aggression and influence really witnessed the deplorable scenes of Tatar inroad, they would confess that any efforts on the part of Persia were loudly called for

by the state of her dominions in that quarter; and, if tranquillized, Russian products would be largely consumed in that portion of Asia. The Persian failure, and the intention of applying for Russian aid, only shows the strength of the obstacles the latter power must encounter, even in the outset of her Quixotic march to Hindostan.

Of India and its peculiar position we have no room to speak largely here. We can only for the present observe that not only is it unthreatened by any danger from the West, but that all fears upon this subject will be probably set at rest by our recent enlightened Eastern policy, that bids fair to get rid of the apprehensions respecting those dominions, by getting rid of the dominions altogether.

To return to the main question.

The position then of Russia is purely, in an open sense, commercial. She is anxious for the trade of Asia internally and by closing her dominions to British goods so superior to her own manufacture, as in cotton, iron, &c. she secures the market for these, and her Uralian and other produce-Circassia, if obtained, barring the transit for England through the Black Sea into the interior of Tatary. The Indus, however, opens a wide field for commerce, and for transit into Tatary also.

We have much to add hereafter, upon all the subjects we have touched upon, and India especially.

Russian aggrandizement, we repeat, is now driven into the bounds of commercial advance; and vigilance will retain it there. Of her territorial acquisitions we can scarcely have a right to complain, who have advanced along India by infinitely worse steps of late, at least: but Russia can show nothing to equal our own senseless treachery in that quarter. This instance of British colonial possessions, and the present case of the United States against the Cherokee and Seminole Indians, prove that civilized states, as we laboured to show at the commencement of this article, are under a ceaseless moral necessity of conquest and progression over barbarians.

Still, with every pacific disposition, we hold the opinion and can maintain it, by facts little known to the public at large, that Russia in her recent courses has committed herself, if opportunity were wished for it, to all the chances of war; and this by her errors of greediness, perfidy, and assumption, in many instances within the last few years.

Of her power and projects we entertain no dread, even without the necessity of running to arms.

Exposé of the Treaty of
London, 1838.

Exposicion del Tratado di Paucarpata en Peru.
Paucarpata, and Events connected with it. Lima.

THE author of this pamphlet is well known to the diplomatic and lite-
rary world as the most active member of the former body connected
with the latter, by his incessant vigilance over the interests committed
to his care.
Not a decree, ordinance, bulletin, or state paper, of any
kind, is ever issued on any thing that can any way be construed to
refer to his country, not the least piece of intelligence is noticed by a
casual remark, even in the daily journals of any nation, to impugn his
own, but he stands forward the ready and able champion for her vin-
dication through the same channel by which she was assailed. Were
other ministers as indefatigable the world would be one great, and it
may with justice be added, able pamphlet on foreign affairs. The lite-
rary expenses of the Peruvian government must be equal to that of all
the nations of Europe.

The work before us is a complete refutation of the state_papers it undertakes to answer, and a vindication of the chief of the Peru-Bolivian Federation; and as the recent triumphs of his arms over both antagonists evince his moderation and talents, they form the best, and a complete, support of the statements in this pamphlet.

Kjobenhavn og dets Omegn. Kopenhagen und Helsingoer mit Umgegend und historicher Beschriebung, auf dänisch. (Copenhagen and Helsinger with the Environs; and historical Descriptions; from the Danish.) 4to. A very interesting volume, and full of plates, views, plans, and elevations, giving a most complete idea of scenes but little known generally to Englishmen.

MISCELLANEOUS LITERARY NOTICES.

FRANCE.

The Journal de Paris informs us, that the demand for stamps has been so great this year that the provision made by the commissioners for the last two months of this year has been already entered upon, and what remains will not be sufficient. The quantity of paper required for stamps has generally amounted to 45,000 reams, but an extraordinary supply has been ordered and it is expected that the next contract will be to the amount of 75,000

reams.

A letter from an officer on board the Zelé, second ship, under the expedition of Captain Dumont D'urville, repeats the accounts already given by other officers of the difficulties experienced in following the line of antarctic ice-fields, and, by additional details, showing the severe labours of the crews.

The first volume is published of M. Chevalier's great work entitled Des Intérêts en France, which is to treat of three subjects:-1. Land and Water Communication; 2. Institution of Banks; and 3. Education. The first subject is complete in the first volume.

M. Didron, secretary to the Historical Committee of Arts and Monuments, has discovered in a MS. of Rheims, of the 13th century, some architectural drawings consisting of two façades of a cathedral, a plan, &c. The discovery will prove of considerable importance should there be any foundation for M. Didron's supposition that the cathedrals of Laon, Amiens, Noyon, and Rheims, have been constructed on the model of these drawings.

Victor Cousin is printing the last volume of his translation of Plato.

On the 10th of October, and the days following, (if they have not previously been disposed of à l'aimable, or, as we say, by private contract,) the extensive collection of charters and other historical documents of the late Baron de Joursanvault will be put to the hammer. The catalogue, published by Techener of Paris, forms two tolerably large volumes in 8vo. (small print), and contains nearly three thousand seven hundred articles. The whole number of separate documents is said to amount to about 80,000. The main body of the Anglo-French charters belonging to this collection was bought by the English government two or three years ago, and deposited in the British Museum: but there are still left some valuable documents relating to the English wars in France during the 14th and 15th centuries.

The Commission Historique has recently published the second volume of the Metrical Chronicle of Normandy, by Benoit, (an Anglo-Norman poet of the 12th century), and two volumes of the Relations of the Affairs of France sent home by the Venetian Ambassadors during the 16th century.

M. Percier, the architect, to whom, in conjunction with M. Fontaine, France owes most of her public monuments during the empire, died in September, at his apartments in the Louvre. He was a member of the Legion of Honour and of the Institute.

M. Percier bequeathed 150,000 frs. to l'Ecole des Beaux Arts.

The exhibition for the grand prize of sculpture at the Ecole Royale des Beaux Arts, took place on the 12th, 13th, and 14th of September. Only six specimens were exhibited and not very good.

Mustapha ben Ismael, ex-Bey of Tlemecen, has been offended with his African servants, who, since their arrival in France, have taken to speaking aloud in the presence of their master, contrary to the laws of the Koran. The most loquacious was punished with 25 blows of a rattan before his comrades as an example.

The bronze statue of Henri IV. has been presented by the King to the town of Pau. It is to be erected in the Place Royale of that town, and the money subscribed for the statue itself by individuals will now be expended on the pedestal, which is of Pyrenean marble.

The celebrated Pergamena Vase, presented to the King by Sultan Mahmoud, has been placed in one of the Saloons of the Egyptian Museum in the Louvre. A French lady named Dangeville, said to be sister of the Deputy for the department of the Ain, ascended to the summit of Mont Blanc, on the 4th instant.

The BAYADERES.-The countenance of Soundiron is of so attractive a kind that it is difficult to convey an idea of it, her eyes of sparkling black in the midst of a bluish enamel, dart forth looks enough to turn the brains of a saint; the art of ogling is quite in its infancy with us; and all the coquettes of Paris will be for taking lesson of the sprightly Soundiron. She will be a professor of the first water of the art of the language of the eyes. Amany's countenance is mildness itself, her smile is candid and pensive at the same time; she is tall and straight like a palm tree; she is eighteen, Soundiron is only fourteen. Little Veydon, aged six, looks like a little devil. Rangin bears some resemblance to Soundiron, without being her equal.

We understand it had been performed by two English travellers more than twelve months before,