but after the ellipsis the adjective must agree with "vessel" in the accusative case.

EXERCISE.

LESSON 126.-Take a book as before; and, having found twelve examples of extended simple sentences, where a substantive is determined by a governing adjective, or by an adjective that is itself defined, supply a relative pronoun and verb (underlined), and thus convert the defining clause into an accessory sentence.

Ex.: And Stephen, who was full of faith and power, did great wonders and miracles among the people.

LESSON 127.-Seek twelve instances of complex sentences, where the accessory sentence contains in the predicate an adjective that permits ellipsis of the relative and its verb, so as to reduce the accessory sentence into a clause of an extended simple one, and mark the intended ellipsis by a parenthesis.

Ex.: Almost every man (who stood) high in employment hated all the rest.

3. When a governing verb of the accessory sentence, whether directly or indirectly transitive, is in the passive voice, ellipsis of the relative is general.

Ex.: The building (which is ) intended for a hospital is finished. The gentleman (that was) wounded in the duel is dead. Some spirits (which had been) concealed in a cave were seized. The corpse (which was) found on the beach has been recognised. The amount of the damage (that was) caused by the flood is incalculable. Our frigate has captured a vessel (that had been) equipped for the slave trade.

In the last two examples the pupil may observe that the ellipses change the cases of the participles "caused," equipped," from the nominative to the accusative.

EXERCISE.

LESSON 128.-Seek twelve complex sentences, in which an accessory sentence with a passive verb admits ellipsis of the relative and the auxiliary verb to be, so that it may be reduced into a clause of the principal sentence; and indicate the proposed ellipsis by a parenthesis.

Ex.: We are the national and hereditary lords of this part of the continent (which is) usurped by late invaders and lowborn tyrants.

LESSON 129.-Seek twelve sentences where a substantive is defined by a clause containing a passive participle, that by the introduction of the relative and verb (underlined as before) is converted into an accessory sentence.

Ex.: A child who is left to himself bringeth his mother to shame. They beheld a stately palace which was built upon a hill that was surrounded with woods.

4. An accessory attributive sentence is frequently reduced into a mere clause of the principal sentence, by employing the participle of the accessory verb, which, by its accord with the substantive defined, admits ellipsis of the relative.

Ex.: The king, (who rejoiced) rejoicing in the success of the enterprise, granted a pension to the projector. His mother, (who heard) hearing the story, fell into hysterics. My women, (who threw) throwing all their cares upon their mistress, set their minds at ease.

EXERCISE.

LESSON 130.-Seek or form twelve complex sentences, where, by changing the verb of an accessory sentence into a participle, the whole may be formed into an extended simple sentence.

Ex.: The Indian, (who ran) running with great speed, soon reached the thicket.

5. When the relative pronoun that should connect the attributive sentence to the substantive which it defines is the complement, either direct or indirect, of the accessory verb, it is in colloquial language very frequently omitted, the preposition by which the indirect government is effected being then transferred to the end of the sentence.

:

The plan (which) he The woman (to whom)

Ex. The man (whom) we saw was a foreigner. The book
(that) you lent me is very pretty.
has formed cannot be successful.
the nurse spoke to is a laundress. The method (by which)

he escaped by remains a secret. The child (for whom) I am interested for is an orphan. The house (at which) he is pointing at is my uncle's.

The omission of the relative in cases like these is the gravest grammatical anomaly of our language; but to attempt its universal restoration would probably be a hopeless labour. The pupil will do well, however, more especially in his intercourse with foreigners, to guard against indulging in ellipses like these; for they present one of the greatest difficulties that strangers meet with in English; rendering, as they do, grammatical analysis impossible. We find sentences, intimately connected in sense, without connectives to show the relation; transitive verbs without complements; prepositions without cases; substantives, signifying different things, apparently in apposition, and other incongruities quite subversive of grammatical rules. The omission of the relative and the transference of the preposition to the close of the sentence is objectionable, even on account of style: a consideration that should prevent the employment of " that" as a relative when a preposition is required, for this relative will not take a preposition before it.

Where it is desired to omit the relative, it may often be accomplished by rendering the verb passively, when the participle, by its concord with the substantive that it defines, preserves the congruity of the expression. In the first example given above it is uncertain, if the relative be omitted, whether we would assert that the person spoken of was a foreigner, or that we perceived his foreign extraction; an uncertainty that disappears at once when the verb is rendered passively.

Ex.: The man (who was) seen by us is a foreigner. The woman (who was) spoken to by the nurse is a laundress, &c.

EXERCISE.

LESSON 131.-Supply the ellipsis of the relative pronoun in the following sentences, transferring the preposition, where there is one, to the head of its sentence.

The horse my brother bought is blind. The ship my father spoke of has been wrecked. The weasel the keeper shot at escaped. The pond he was drowned in is very deep. I have received the books you sent me. The tea we use is

expensive. The general has not produced the letters he alluded to. There is no one he fears except his father. Give me the books I asked for. Tell the gentlemen you will see the truth. Call the witnesses you most depend on. Find in a newspaper, or any other work, twelve instances where the relative has been thus omitted, a very easy task, and then supply the ellipses.

SECTION VIII.

NOMINATIVE SENTENCES.

Those accessory sentences that, in a complex sentence, stand as the subject of the verb of the principal sentence, may be called NOMINATIVE SENTENCES. As the subject of a sentence must necessarily be a person or a thing, a nominative sentence always expresses the idea of a person or a thing, and thing, and governs the verb of which it is the subject in the singular number and third person, the connection of the sentences being effected in various ways.

=

Ex.: James's thoughtlessness causes his parents much sorrow. That James is so thoughtlesss causes his parents much sorrow. That the Supreme Being may be more easily propitiated in one place than in another, is the dream of idle superstition; but that some places may operate upon our minds in an uncommon manner, is an opinion which hourly experience will justify. When the fleet will sail is uncertain. Why I fear him must remain a secret. How he escaped may yet be discovered.

Such a sentence is sometimes connected with the principal sentence that predicates of it by the pronoun who, whose, whom, which.

Ex.: Who wrote Junius's Letters (= the author of Junius's Letters) has never been satisfactorily determined. Whose fears induced the betrayal remains unknown. Which had the best horse was the subject of dispute. Whom we shall send is now the question. Which I shall choose puzzles me.

In these sentences the pronouns may be regarded as absolute or substantive, and not relative, for they have no

antecedents. In poetry, in rhetorical language, &c., we often find the relative standing absolutely, but then the omission of the antecedent is palpable and can be mentally supplied. Thus in the line " who steals my purse, steals trash," we feel that the antecedent of who is he," which is the nominative of the second verb "steals," the relative sentence serving to define the sense in which "he" is used. In other languages the employment of the relative pronoun substantively is frequent; but in English, when we make a sentence of this kind the subject of a principal sentence, we commonly form an absolute pronoun by combining the words "so,' ‚"" ever," or "soever," with the relative.

Ex.: Whoso (whoever, whosoever) lives virtuously, lives happily.

EXERCISE.

LESSON 132.-Write twelve complex sentences, in which a nominative sentence is connected with the principal verb that predicates of it, by one or other of the absolute pronouns named in this section.

Ex.: Who propagated the report is unknown.
that speaks falsely.

Whoever says

If the nominative sentence expresses the idea of a thing, it may be joined to its principal sentence in three ways.

1. By the pronoun what, or its compounds whatever, whatsoever.

Ex.: What cannot be cured (= an incurable evil) must be
endured. Whatever is done willingly (:
(= an agreeable labour)
is done well.

What may be regarded as a compound pronoun comprising in itself the relative and its antecedent, for it is precisely equivalent to "that which," an expression that may always be substituted for it.

2. If the nominative sentence conveys an idea of place, time, manner, or ground, it is connected with its principal sentence by the pronouns where, whence, whither, how, when, why, and various combinations of "where," as whereabout, &c.

Ex.: Whence (from what place) he comes is unknown. How (=by what means) he lives is a mystery. Whither I shall