In respect to the Trinity, his views will be found unsatisfactory. He does not merely accept the facts of Scripture as objective realities beyond the grasp of human analysis. He does not merely reject the metaphysical solutions of the mystery, which have been attempted by Trinitarian theologians. He does not merely express the hope that "we may be induced to let go a Trinity that mocks our reason and a Unity that freezes our hearts, and return to the simple Father, Son and Holy Ghost of the Scriptures and the Apostolic Fathers, there to rest in the simple and life-giving forms of the Spirit." The speculative tendency overcomes him; and he propounds a theory of his own, a theory merely speculative, and one which affords us no relief, but if we understand it, explains away, so far as it explains at all, the doctrine which it attempts to illustrate.

The second discourse is on "the doctrine of Atonement, or of the life and death of Jesus Christ as the Savior of the world." It was delivered at Cambridge before the (Unitarian) Divinity School of Harvard College. The whole discourse therefore should be understood as addressed to those who hold that the life and death of Christ have all their efficacy and value, in the impressiveness with which they work subjectively upon the mind to which they are made known. Accordingly, the author begins with a view of the life and death of Christ, considered in their subjective operation on the mind; and so, by discussing the great theme under this aspect, he attempts to lead his hearers to another view which he regards as essentially Orthodox, though he professes an earnest dissatisfaction with the common explanations of the Orthodox theology, both in the Old School and the New School. He attempts to show them how, starting with their own view which regards Christ as reconciling men to God, they ought to arrive at another view-a view in which Christ's work is considered objectively. This objective view-the Orthodox view as he regards it-the view in which Christ is a sacrifice, procuring forgiveness and saving men by the efficacy of his blood-the view without which the subjective effect can not be realized-is, as he represents and argues, God's view, not an accidental figure caught up by the Apostles from their Jewish recollections, but a representation of Christ's work by symbols which God had prepared from the beginning and without which it could not be represented aright.

The most serious defect of this exposition, if we understand it, is that the author does not seem to recognize the life and death of Christ in this world as having any other than the most incidental relations to the universal government of God. It is in the light of these relations, that modern theologians, especially those of New England since the days of the younger Edwards, have been accustomed to explain the atonement. In the whole range of theology as a human science, there is nothing grander or more impressive than that theory, the fairest distinction of New England theology-the theory which undertakes to solve the speculative difficulties in regard to forgiveness through Christ's death, by illustrations and arguments drawn from the nature of a moral government. No doubt the theologians who have set forth this theory, and those who have expounded it from the pulpit, have sometimes seemed to make too much of it, and have sometimes even seemed to think that in the light of their theory the mysteries of redemption into which angels desire to look, are no longer mysterious; but such is the infirmity of human nature. There are those on the other hand, who have felt that this theory is not all that it is sometimes assumed to be, and that there is more, far more, in God and his relations to man-far more in Christ and redemption, than can be explained by the analogies of human government. Such is, obviously, Dr. Bushnell's feeling. But we think that in seeking for a more comprehensive view, he has not sufficiently regarded that aspect of the atonement which the New England theory contemplates. The mission of Christ into this world had a high relation to the glory of God in other worlds and to other orders in the creation. But this, in the volume before us, is not merely overlooked but treated slightingly, and is spoken of as a lingering effect of astronomical theories that have disappeared from the almanacs. Thus there are passages which are painful to many a devout and not unintelligent reader.

Yet it would be injustice toward the author if we should be understood as intimating that he denies, in every sense, the vicariousness of Christ's sufferings or their value as a vindication of the Divine law. He admits

"The necessity of some vicarious suffering, or expression made by suffering, that shall vindicate the law as effectively as the penalties remitted would have done, and thus shall save the moral rigor of God's integrity, in the view of his subjects.”—p. 217. He says again—

"In a word, we must be made to feel, in the very article of forgiveness, when it is offered, the essential and eternal sanctity of God's law-His own immovable adherence to it, as the only basis of order and well-being in the universe."—p. 218.

And again—

"It was needful that Christ, in his life and sufferings, should consecrate or reconsecrate the desecrated law of God, and give it a more exact and imminent authority than it had before-this, too, without any thing of a penal quality in his passion, without regarding him as bearing evil to pay the release of evil, or as under any infliction or frown of God, and yet doing it by something expressed in his life and death."-p. 219.

But the defect of all this is that the necessity thus recognized is a necessity existing in us, and not in the exigencies of God's universal government.

The limits of this notice will not allow us to say any thing of the third discourse which is "on Dogma and Spirit," or of the preliminary dissertation. Of those portions of the volume, nothing can be said to any purpose without saying more than we have room for. The relations which Dr. B. is recognized as sustaining to the New Englander, required us to say what we have said on the great doctrines discussed in the first and second discourses; but there seems to be no present necessity for our pursuing the discussion. While our readers will see on the other hand, that Dr. B.'s views, on those great doctrines are not of course our views, we are not unwilling to have them infer on the other hand, if they please, that the New Englander is not likely, at present, to enter into any new theological controversy.

Mr. Turnbull's "Review" is of the same character with his large work, to which it is an Appendix. He dissents from Dr. B.'s "theories" firmly and earnestly, but courteously and with many manifestations of a spirit which valnes the devotional in religion above the dogmatic. We can not refrain from quoting a single specimen.

"Thus, by a happy inconsistency, Dr. B. vindicates the ineffable mystery of the Sacred Trinity; so that at the close of his elaborate, but unsatisfactory discourse, we find ourselves standing with him, before the throne of God and of the Lamb, protesting against his errors, and yet adoring together the one, true, and eternal God, Father, Son, and Holy Ghost; One in Three, and Three in One. Here, then, in this single practical view, we give him the right hand of fellowship. Casting away all intangi ble speculations and theories as useless and worse than useless, and recognizing one God and one Savior, who is above all, through all, and in all, let us go forth to enthrone Jesus Christ, in the hearts of our fellow men, as the Way, the Truth, and the Life."-p. 30.

The Complete Works of JOHN M. MASON, D.D. In four volumes. Edited by his Son, EBENEZER MASON. New York: Baker & Scribner. PERHAPS there is, on the whole, no greater name in the history of the American pulpit, than the name of JOHN M. MASON. Although like all other names of men illustrious as orators, it is greater in tradition than in the written memorials that outlive their author and are transmitted to succeeding generations, these volumes will be found sufficient to justify the celebrity of their author. If the reader will remember how much of the effect of eloquence depends on

that in the orator which can not be written, and if he will also remember that in all the externals of eloquence, as well as in the magnetic power of sensibility which utters itself in every tone and attitude and motion and look of the speaker whom his subject has inspired, Dr. Mason was preeminent, he will find in these volumes that which when garnished with all the ornaments, and illuminated with all the fire of living utterance, must have held the hearers in rapt attention, and must have carried along their feelings and convictions as with the might of a resistless current.

The first collected edition of these works was published soon after the author's death, nearly twenty years ago. They are classical in the literature of the American churches, and are necessary to any well furnished library. Accordingly there is a steady demand for them, as for other works of classical value. The present edition includes some pieces which, we believe, are now for the first time published. Its value is also increased by a graceful "Introduction," the more interesting because it was the last work of the editor, who was suddenly removed from among the living, just as the edition was ready to be published.

Labor and other Capital: The rights of each secured and the wrongs of both eradicated. Or an Exposition of the cause why few are wealthy and many poor, and the Delineation of a system, which, without infringing the rights of property will give to labor its just reward. By EDWARD KELLOGG, Author of "Currency, the evil and the remedy." New York: Published by the Author. 8vo. pp. 298.

WE shall probably have occasion to give some account of this book hereafter. At present we will only say that it is evidently the work of a very earnest and benevolent man, who has expended much thought upon it, and, as we think, to very little purpose; and that—not to insist on the solecism of the title, which is very much as if a man should write a book about animals and other vegetables,' or about 'horses and other steam-engines'-we are at a loss to understand how a man of so much intelligence, and with money enough at his command to publish and circulate so large a volume, can be so mistaken about the nature of money and its relation to other commodities..

Nineveh and its Remains: With an Account of a visit to the Chaldean Christians of Kurdistan, and the Yezidis or devil-worshipers; and an Inquiry into the manners and arts of the ancient Assyrians. By AUSTEN HENRY Layard, Esq., D.C.L. New York: George P. Putnam. 8vo. 2 vols.

THE world has not yet recovered from its astonishment at the disinterment of Pompeii. But here is a disinterment far more wonderful. The explorations in Egypt, and the deciphering of the mysterious inscriptions on her monuments that had been illegible for centuries, have opened volumes of history that had long seemed to have been sealed up forever. And now just as the arrowhead characters of old Persian inscriptions are beginning to be legible, Nineveh-the Nineveh of Sardanapalus and Semiramis-the Nineveh which was visited by Jonah, and against which Nahum uttered his burning prophecies-is uncovered, and we see her splendor in her grave, as the fortunate traveler among "the tombs of Etruria" looks in at the opening of the sepulcher of some old Lucumo who died ere Rome was a republic. "Here," says Prof. Robinson, introducing these volumes to the American public, "we have to do not with hoary ruins that have borne the brunt of centuries in the presence of the world, but with a resurrection of the monuments themselves. It is the disentombing of temple-palaces from the sepulcher of ages, the recovery of the metropolis of a powerful nation from a long night of oblivion. Nineveh, 'the great city of three days journey' that was laid waste and there was none to mourn her,' whose greatness sank when that of Rome had just begun to

rise, now stands forth again to testify to her own splendor, and to the civilization and power and splendor of the Assyrian empire. This may be said, thus far, to be the crowning historical discovery of the nineteenth century."

BOOKS RECEIVED.

Writings of Rev. WILLIAM BRADFORD HOMER, late Pastor of the Congregational Church in South Berwick, Me. With an Introductory Essay and a Memoir, by EDWARDS A. PARK, Professor in Andover Theological Seminary. Second edition. Boston: T. R. Marvin. 12mo. pp. 394.

Rural Letters and other Records of Thoughts at Leisure, written in the intervals of more hurried literary labor. By N. PARKER WILLIS. New York: Baker & Scribner. 12mo. pp. 380.

The Works of WASHINGTON IRVING. New edition, revised. Vol. VII. Tales of a Traveler. New York: George P. Putnam. 12mo. pp. 456.

Review of the causes and consequences of the Mexican War. By WILLIAM Jay. Boston: B. B. Mussey & Co. 12mo. pp. 333.

The Pearl of Days: or the advantages of the Sabbath to the working classes. By a Laborer's Daughter. With a Sketch of the Author's Life, by herself, and a preface by an American clergyman. New York: Samuel Hueston. 18mo. pp. 132.

New England's Glory and Crown. A Discourse delivered at Plymouth, Mass., December 22, 1848. By SAMUEL M. WORCESTER, D.D., Pastor of the Tabernacle Church, Salem. 8vo. pp. 56.

Education at the West; in its claims on the Church. A Discourse, delivered before the Society for promoting Collegiate and Theological Education at the West, in the Central Church, New Haven, Oct. 26, 1848. By J. B. CONDIT, Pastor of the Second Presbyterian Church, Newark, New Jersey. 8vo. pp. 30.

Speech about Colleges, delivered in Nashville, on Commencement day, October 4, 1848. By PHILIP LINDSLEY. Nashville: pp. 32.

An Inquiry into the alleged tendency of the separation of Convicts, one from the other, to produce derangement. By a Citizen of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia: 8vo. pp. 160.

Early Ecclesiastical History of Whately: Being the substance of a discourse delivered Jan. 7, 1849. By J. HoWARD TEMPLE, Pastor of the First Church. 8vo. pp. 40.

First Book in Greek; containing a full view of the forms of words, with vocabularies and copious exercises, on the method of constant imitation and repetition. By JOHN MCCLINTOCK, D.D., Prof. of Languages, and GEORGE R. CROOKS, A.M., Adjunct Prof. of Languages in Dickinson College. Harper & Brothers. 12mo. pp. 315.

First Book in French; or a Practical Introduction to reading, writing, and speaking the French Language. By NORMAN PINNEY, A.M. Hartford: 18mo. pp. 182. With a Key, pp. 55.

Differences between the Old and New School Presbyterians: By Rev. Lewis CHEESEMAN, Pastor of the First Presbyterian Church, in connection with the General Assembly, Rochester, N. Y. With an Introductory Chapter, by JOHN C. LORD, D.D. Pastor of the First Presbyterian Church, Buffalo, N. Y.

Home Evangelization. A view of the wants and prospects of our country, based on the facts and relations of Colportage. By one of the Secretaries of the American Tract Society. 18mo. pp. 174.

THE

NEW ENGLANDER.

No. XXVII.

AUGUST, 1849.

ART. I. THE SLAVE COMPROMISES OF THE

CONSTITUTION.

The Address of the Southern Delegates in Congress to their Constituents.

"THE Address of the Southern Delegates in Congress to their Constituents," does not appear to have made much impression any where upon the community, if we except the single state of South Carolina. Indeed, it has hardly received as much attention as it deserves. It was put forth with great solemnity by some of the leading statesmen of the country. It discusses subjects of the gravest character. It brings against a portion of the states of the Union, the weightiest charge which can be brought against any people, the charge of a national "breach of faith." But, apart from this, the address undertakes to make a statement as to the nature and import of the slave compromises of the constitution, which is of peculiar interest to the student of our constitutional history. It is this point we propose mainly to examine; for we apprehend there are many erroneous opinions on the subject in the community, and we are sure the statement in the address, made though it is by men learned in these matters, is destitute of historical foundation.

We quote the statement entire. "Not to go farther back, the difference of opinion and feeling in reference to the relation between the two races, disclosed itself in the convention that framed the constitution, and constituted one of the greatest difficulties in forming it. After many efforts it was overcome by a compromise, which provided, in the first place, that representation and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the states according to their respective numbers; and that in ascertaining the