Here, also, belong the substantives in -aculum. Among the large number of Latin words denoting names of instruments, tenaculum and retinaculum should also be included, but they represent a false analogy under the constructive law of gubern-a-culum from gubernare, and in reality they can not hide their derivation from the adjectival roots of tenac- and retinac-. (Osthoff, Forschungen, 1875, p. 56.)

17. In connection therewith are the adjectives ending in -aceus (Greek -ağ -ákos, -άKLOV). Saeta-ceus (saeta bristle), herba-ceus grasslike, hedera-ceus (ivy), ampulla-ceus (bottle), membrana-ceus (membrane), rosa-ceus, creta-ceus (chalk), papyra-ceus, arundina-ceus (arundo cane), pavona-ceus (peacock), hordea-ceus (barley), arra-ceus, gallina-ceus. The e in eus is to be pronounced short; the long sound in botanical names ending in -aceae is wrong.

18. The adjectives in -ilis indicate a passive, only rarely an active, ability or fitness; for instance, fiss-ilis-cleavable.

19. -(i)cus, -(4) Kós, -aticus. Attached to roots of nouns they form adjectives, which, like the adjectives in or, correspond to the German terminations -ig, -lisch, -lich and -isch, indicating that something belongs to the root, refers to it or is derived therefrom. For instance, adɛ20-1Kóc from ¿ðɛλøós, etc., divic-us, nephritica, vevpitikós, vevpikóç analeptica, analgetica, anti-dyscratica, epileptica, galactica, hydropica scil. remedia.

20. -unus and -ivus have a passive and intransitive significance: nativus, vot-ivus, pass-ivus,, aest-ivus, captivus, fugitivus.

New formations: entero-raptivus and vomituritivus (vomiturio, vomo). 21. -undus, -bundus and -cundus have the significance of the participle present with increased force: mirabundus full of admiration, furibundus, mori-bundus, fe-cundus (feo).

22. -neus, veoç, fag-i-neus make entries, -ny-i-reos, also -g(e)nus, gineus (gigno) designate material and origin; unigenus, unigenitus, benignus, malignus, indi-gena, terrigena, aliegnus.

-aneus, anus, also indicate an origin; castell-anus, pist-anus, fontanus, humanus, urbanus, mundanus, decanus, membrana, quartana, altanus sea breeze, sol-anus east wind.

New formations : melan-eus, μελάνεος instead of μέλασμα.

ivos serves to form adjectives denoting a time; xdeo-wóc hesternus, yesterday, εαρινός vernus, νυκτερινός nocturnus, έσπερινός vespertinus.

-inus, names of animals: agninus, anguinus, aprinus, caninus, leporinus, leoninus, asininus, porcinus, equinus.

New formations: Dextrin, ergotin (py), morphin, cocain, solanin, strychnin, margarin (fatty substance), from papуapov-papyapírns pearl on account of its lustre.

New formations: intracutanus, subcutanus, percutanus (cutis skin), -aeus and -eus.

If the adjective is of Greek origin, and if it has been formed from at Greek substantive by changing the final syllable into alos, as in γλουταῖος,

περοναῖος, ποδιαίος, οβελιαίος, στεφαναίος, the only way in which it may correctly be written is with ae, thus: glutaeus, peronaeus, podiaeus, obeliaeus (sagittalis), stephaniaeus (coronalis).

If, however, the substantive is Latin, as for instance, pecten, brachium, poples, femur, tibia, crus, solea and cubitus, it is not permissible under any circumstances to write pectinaeus brachiaeus, etc., but pectineus, branchialis, popliteus, femoralis, tibialis, cruralis, soleus and cubitalis. In all adjectives ending in eus the e is short and unaccented, "quia vocalis ante vocalem corripitur.'

23. Suffix -dus, -da, -dum, from the root da, give; luc-i-dus, giving light, frig-i-dus, cold.

24. Ending in -osus denotes a fulness: aren-osus, lapid-osus, erythematosus, nodosus.

New formations: corymbosus, nummulosus, phlegmonosus, crouposus. 25. Derived denominatives ending in -cus, Koç (spurcus, pau-cus, paraKóç); hiul-cus gaping (from hiolus, hio, hiare), juven-cus (juvenis), petulcus pushing (pet-ulus, petere), pris-cus (pris-prius), moll-us-cus (moll-is), past-i-cus (pastus, pascor), bubul-cus (cattleman) (bubulus), subul-cus (subulus, pig, sus).

26. -alis, suffix or appurtenance: flor-alis, austr-alis, natur-alis, mortalis, fat-alis.

New formations: cordialis, pulmonalis, laryngealis, synochialis.

27. Formations in -tom are, of course, ordinary verb-adjectives in -os from the root τέμνω cut, therefore really ανα-τόμος (τομεύς, τομικός).

28. The adjectives in -ulus express an inclination: aemulus, assiduous. New formation: volvulus.

The extended forms of the comparative call for special attention: fortiusculus a little stronger, grandiusculus, unctiusculus, pinguiusculus, minusculus, plusculus, duriusculus.

New formation: depressiusculus.

29. The adjectives in -orius are formed from substantives ending in -tor and -sor: amator-ius, uxorius.

New formations: suspensorius and depletorius (depleo), depletory; similarly constructed is percussory (from precutio I beat).

30. -tus, atus, -itus, -utus, -otus indicate the fact of being provided with something. Ansatus handle, barbatus, alatus, teporatus lukewarm, auritus, pellitus, crinitus, fellitus, mellitus cornutus, hirsutus, nasutus, aegrotus.

31. Ending in -olentus, -oleus, -olus, -ulus, -ulens, caer-ulus, bubulus (bos, bovis), opulens, opulentus, violens, violentus, sanguinolentus; otherwise only -ulentus, truc-ulentus, up-ulentus, corp-ulentus, pot-ulentus, fraudulentus, esc-ulentus, luc-ulentus, lut-ulentus, pulver-ulentus, turbulentus, poculentus, rorulentus dewy, purulentus, temulentus intoxicated (tem trunk, like temer-arius), virulentus (virus poison), frustulentus,

macilentus lean, mustulentus, full of must, pisculentus, aquilentus, bucculentus chubby.

The following are of later date: carnulentus (meat), faeculentus (yeast), farinulentus (flour), febriculentus (fever), florulentus (flower), foetulentus (fetid), glubulentus (lumpy), jurulentus (juice), marculentus (withered), merulentus (drunk), merus (wine), muculentus (mucilantus), glandered, rosulentus rosy, somnulentus, sordulentus sordid, suculentus. terrulentus, worldly.

Grac-ilis (grac-ilentus) leads us to the origin of the suffix -lentus, which of course has nothing to do with a verb oleo (olens, olentus); pestilens-pestilentus. These Latin formations in -lens, -lentus, with the connecting vowels i, o, u (ilentus, olentus, ulentus) are closely connected with those in -ilis.

32. Adjectives ending in -os are simply taken over from the Greek and latinized; aкépaλoç without head akephalus, but again with a change of accentuation; aлрóσwлоç without face aproposopus, оve without foot apus, uoppoç without shape amorphus.

New formations: àvóðaλμos (àóødahμoç) without eyes, anophthalmus, άμελος (ἀμελής, ἄκωλος) without limbs amelus, ἀκορμας without trunk acormus. 33. By far the most frequent of all adjectival suffixes in medical onomatology is -ideus -o- eds. Hyrtl has collated the same in desirable completeness for anatomical requirements; aden-o-ideus, allant-o-ideaus, arachn-o-ideus, arytaen-o-ideus, ex-o-ideus (old name for epistropheus), bathm-o-ideus (resembling a sinus, from the Hippocratic word Baduis, articular fossa), etc. All these are latinized Greek words ending in eng with the connective vowel o.

Only in the seventeenth century they were used as Latin epithets in anatomy, mostly through J. Riolanus; many of them are still in use. today. The corresponding Greek adjectives end in -ɛð. In Latin it is permissible to contract the diphthong ε to and to change the end syllables to -eus, so that, for instance, adev-o-ɛidhs may be expressed by aden-o-ideus. In this word the i is long, because it stands for e, while the e is short, as is the case in all adjectives in -eus (aureus, argenteus, ferreus, plumbeus, etc.). The only correct pronunciation, therefore, is adenoideus, and this also applies to the similar words adenoid, alcaloid, sarcoid, myxoid, etc., which have been formed in imitation of the Greek precept, and which ought to have the long accent on the i. It has become an objectionable practice among anatomists to reverse the accentuation, and the desire that such custom should no longer obtain, is voiced by all linguists.

New formations are amongst others: fibroid, desmoid, dermoid, discoid, fungoid, celluloid, alkaloid, geoid.

34. It should also be mentioned that it is customary in Germany to use the termination -isch for the rendering of Latin and Greek adjectives. ending in -ius, -icus, and tog, -Kog; thus, depletorisch for depletorius,

δυνάμιος (δυναμικός), αδυνάμιος (αδύνατος), ἀδύναμος dynamic, adynamic φυσικός physisch, σδένιος sthenisch, οπτικός optic.

-fex, ficus and -ficax are terminations of the root fac in facere; for instance, arti-, auri-, carni-, dapi-, opi-, ponti-fex; bene-, grati-, honori, horri-, magni-, male-, miri-, muni-ficus; efficax-. Combinations with -genus, -gena, -yóvos, -yeviç (and -ywvoç) from yiyvoμai, root yev-, gi-g (e) no are favorites in medicine, for instance, alieni-genus, caeli-genus, indigenus, terri-gena, privi-genus, pyro-gen, pythogen, endo-gen, oxygen (5vyevic) pyogen, saprogen, hydrogen, amphigen (auyevic), pentagon (πεντάγωνος), γώνος-γωνία (angle, corner), trigon, etc.

On is employed in order to indicate that certain objects are present in multiple form; no such implication is noticeable in an and en. Otaphon might recall or6-puroç like antiphone, telephone, but is said to be derived from ouç and anro, which, however, is quite impossible.

Many of these terminations are quite arbitrary and are preferably used for certain kinds of substances, for instance, to designate the material, the alkaloids, the poisons which occur in various plants: morphin, cocain, solanin, strychnin, ergotin (py®) margarin (μápɣapov-μapyapíτnç), pearl, on account of its luster.

Newly-formed terminations, or, more correctly expressed, composi

tions:

-yl from the Greek substance, for instance methyl (μerá after), Liebig's Nachstoff, "after-substance," ethyl (aidip) propyl (prope near by), butyl (Boirupov) amyl (àμvňov).

ol from oleum, oil, for instance, benz-ol, carb-ol, phen-ol, tolu-ol. -al, abbreviated from alcohol (!), for instance chloral, aethal. -at, -ate, after the Greek árns, for instance, carbon-ate, sulf-ate. 35. Of importance in these compositions are the laws of the connective vowel and the vowel gradations. The former which is usually inserted for the sake of euphony, exists in Greek in the enthetic o, in Latin as u and i; for instance: adev-o-edig, luc-u-lentus, luc-i-dus, verm-iformis, by virtue of subsequent syllables containing a changed sound. For instance: κείρω, α-καρ-ής, φέρω, φόρος, γένος, γόνος, (φαμί), φημί, φωνή, λείπω, λοιπός, Tрέów, poí, ¿τpȧomy, sepel-io, sepul-crum, reg-o, reg-us, tego, toga, fero, fors. This connective vowel is frequently omitted in new formations. as in a-rhin-enkephalie instead of ȧ-prvo-eyкepazia, atmiatria instead of årpo-tapia.

36. A certain task in medical language also devolves upon the à primitivum. The latter serves to express a negation or deterioration of the part that follows, similar to the Latin in (gratus, in-gratus) and the German and the English un. Before vowels it becomes av, for instance; άβατος not able to go, α-δάνατος immortal, & βουλος badly counseled, ἀν-άριθμος innumerable.

The à primitivum is even used in Latin, but unjustifiably so: a-reflexie, anaciditaet (!). Instead of a-uvo-rpopia one would expect v-arpopía, instead οἱ ἀ-μυασδένεια, μυασθένεια.

New formations: ἀν-ακουσία, ἀν-ιριδία.

To be differentiated therefrom is the collectivum, copulativum or intensivum, expressing a communion à-λoxos spouse, an equality, á-ráhavτos holding the balance, an assembly, à-dpóoç numerous, or an enforcement, ἀ-τενής very taut, ανεύρυσμα from ἀνευρίνω.

37. There are frequent combinations with di, dis, des, and the meaning of di, dis, dug is that they decompose, dissolve, or deteriorate the conception which follows.

diá probably goes back to a root with the significance of two-fold (comp. dixa), and therefore originally meant in or with a division, that is between.

(c) properly means twice, the Latin bi or bis, therefore di-wrog with

two ears.

dis, asunder, remains unchanged before vowels and h. Before consonants it is sometimes dis, sometimes di.

dug is an inseparable prefix like the English mis or un, and signifies. the undesirable, objectionable. Before words commencing with oo or σT, the is usually omitted. Here also belongs formations like ve-sanus ve-cors, ve-stigium in accordance with vi-dua, vi-ginti, etc.

38. Derived verbs. A complete chapter on verbs would require a book for itself. But for our purposes they are not of great importance, because we have principally to deal with nouns. Verbs are derived in many different ways from noun-roots. The most important terminations of derived verbs, which differ only slightly from each other in their meaning, are the following, arranged in the present tense: 1. o for instance μισδύω (μισδός wage); 2, άω, for instance τιμάω (τιμή honor); 3, εω, for instance, ἀριθμέω (αριθμός number); 4, ενω, for instance, βασιλεύω (βασιλεύς king); 5, ίζω, for instance ελπίζω (ἐλπίς hope); 6, άζω, for instance δικάζω (díkŋ right); 7, aivo, for instance, onpaive (oñua sign); 8, iv, for instance ἠδύνω (δες sweet).

Derivative verbs are those ending in oɛiw, sometimes also in áo, táo, γελασείω it makes me smile, δρασείω I would fain do so, φονάω I am murderderously inclined, havoráw I feel like crying. Verbs with the last two terminations also frequently denote a bodily affection or illness: xpia I suffer from chloriasis, oodanuiao I have an affection of the eyes.

Similarly in Latin. Verbs are derived either from other verbs or nouns, and are differentiated as follows: frequentative verbs, serving to repeat or enforce the primitive meaning, as in clamo, clamito; domo, domito; adjuvo, adjuto; curro, curso, cursito; dico, dicto, dictito; defendo, defenso, defensito, etc.; further desiderative verbs, such as edo, esurio; or diminutives: canto, cantillo; conscribo, conscribillo; sorbeo, sorbillo; or inchoative verbs ending in sco, caleo, calesco, etc.

Derived from names are florere (flos), albare (albus), stirpare (stirps), etc.