IV. GRAMMATICAL FORMS OF THE VERB. I. VOICE, 54; II. MOOD, 55; III. TENSE, 57; IV. MOODS WITH TENSES, 57; V. NUMBER AND PERSON, 64; VI. CONJUGATION, 66; CONJUGATION OF THE AUXILIARY VERBS, 67; PARADIGM OF IV. ADJUNCTS OF SUBJECT AND PREDICATE. II. ANALYSIS OF THE SIMPLE SENTENCE.. I. THEORY OF THE SIMPLE SENTENCE. III. ANALYSIS OF THE COMPLEX SENTENCE... I. THEORY OF THE COMPLEX SENTENCE.. II. DIRECTIONS FOR ANALYSIS... IV. ANALYSIS OF THE COMPOUND SENTENCE.. ENGLISH GRAMMAR. INTRODUCTION. 1. Language is the expression of thought by means of spoken or written words. 2. Grammar is the science that treats of the principles of language. Some principles are common to all languages, and these principles form the science of general grammar; but as the several languages differ widely, it is necessary to have a special grammar for each. Hence French grammar, German grammar, English grammar, etc. 3. English grammar is the science that treats of the principles of the English language. Its use, or end, is to teach the art of speaking and writing the English language correctly. 4. Words and Sentences. - Language consists of words arranged in sentences. I. A word is a significant sound or combination of sounds. It may be represented by a written character or combination of characters. A II. A sentence is a combination of words expressing a complete thought, and conveying an assertion, a question, a command, (2) Does he come? (3) Let him or a wish as, (1) He comes. come. (4) O that he would come! 5. Divisions of Grammar. - Language is composed of sentences, and sentences are made up of words: hence arise the two principal divisions of English grammar: namely, etymology-treating of words by themselves; and syntaxtreating of words combined in sentences. NOTES. I. The common division of English grammar has been into four parts-orthography, etymology, syntax, and prosody, the offices of which are usually thus defined: Orthography treats of letters, syllables, separate words, and spelling. Etymology treats of the different parts of speech, with their derivation and modifications. Syntax treats of the relation, agreement, government, and arrangement of words in sentences. Prosody treats of punctuation, utterance, figures, and versification. II. A strict analysis of language - study considerably narrows the scope of grammar, by assigning to more appropriate places several of the kinds of knowledge vaguely included in grammatical science. Thus orthography (together with "utterance," i. e. orthoepy) forms the subject-matter of special manuals of spelling, and is to be learned from these and from the dictionary. Prosody is a branch of rhetoric, or English composition. The derivation of words (historical etymology) does not properly belong to grammar, but is to be studied in textbooks of etymology, or word-analysis. III. It thus appears that grammar, in its strict sense, is limited to two departments of language-study; namely, grammatical etymology, or accidence, and syntax-the former treating of the classification and grammatical forms of words, the latter treating of the principles and usages relating to the combination of words in speech. |