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3. APPOSITIVES.

Rule V. - A noun or pronoun used to explain another noun or pronoun is put by apposition in the same case: as

1. Thomson, the poet, was a contemporary of Hume, the historian. 2. 'Tis I, Hamlet the Dane.

I. The case of the principal term depends on its grammatical relation in the sentence: this must first be determined by the appropriate rule of syntax, before the case of the appositive can be known.

II. A phrase or a proposition may be in apposition with a noun: thus

1. O let us still the secret JOY partake

To follow virtue e'en for virtue's sake.—Pope.

2. In the serene expression of her face he read the divine BEATITUDE, "Blessed are the pure in heart."-Longfellow.

EXERCISE 34.

In the following sentence apply Rule V.*

1. 'Tis I, Hamlet the Dane.-Shakspeare.

2. At midnight, in the forest shades,

Bozzaris ranged his Suliote band,

True as the steel of their tried blades,
Heroes in heart and hand.-Halleck.

3. This is my son, mine own Telemachus.-Tennyson.
4. There, swinging wide at her moorings, lay
The Somerset, British man-of-war-

A phantom ship.-Longfellow.

5. So work the honey-bees,

Creatures that by a rule in nature teach

The art of order to a peopled kingdom.-Shakspeare. 6. That best portion of a good man's life

His little, nameless, unremembered acts

Of kindness and of love.-Wordsworth.

7. It is seldom that the father and the son, he who has borne the weight, and he who has been brought up in the lustre of the diadem, exhibit equal capacity for the administration of affairs.-Gibbon.

* Model: "The noun Hamlet, explaining the pronoun I, is in the nominative case; the noun Dane, explaining Hamlet, is in the nominative case, according to Rule V."

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36

NOTES ON PECULIAR AND IDIOMATIC FORMS.

I. Each Other. - In the sentences, "They loved each other,”

They hated one another," the words "each" and "other," and one" and "another,” though reciprocally related, are not in the same construction. The sentences are contracted forms of "They loved, each [loved] other," and "They hated one [hated] another." "Each" is in the nominative case, in apposition to "they," while "other" is in the objective case, governed by the verb "loved." "One" is in apposition to "they," and "another" is object of "hated.”

This construction is an instance of the action of the law of brevity. On the same principle we may explain "They heard each other's voice" They heard, each (heard) other's voice.*

II. Appositive with "as."-A species of apposition is formed by introducing the attributive noun by as. Thus

Cicero as an orator was bold-as a soldier, he was timid.

That is, Cicero, considered as an orator, etc. This construction is always elliptical; in parsing, either the ellipsis may be supplied, or it may be stated that the appositive is introduced by as, and that the construction is idiomatic.

III. Appositive to a Pronoun.-A puzzling instance of apposition is exemplified in the following construction:

Thus shall mankind his guardian care engage,

The promised father of the future age.-Pope.

It is customary to construe the noun "father" as in the possessive case, in apposition with "his." But it is better to treat "his" as equivalent to of him. "Father" is, then, in the objective case, in apposition with him (=the guardian care of him, the father, etc).

The same explanation, taken in connection with what is said in Note II. in regard to the appositive introduced by as, will explain

"Such phrases as to each other, from one another, are corruptions made upon a false analogy, though they are now thoroughly fixed in the language." -Mason: English Grammar. The Old-English constructions were each to other, one from another.

constructions like the following: "The general's popularity as a commander increases daily "The popularity of the general [objective] as a commander [objective] increases daily.

IV. Pronouns used Adjectively.-The use of a pronoun as principal term to a noun appositive is to be distinguished from a pronoun used in the manner of an adjective. The former is illustrated by such constructions as the following

But he, our gracious Master, kind as just,

Knowing our frame, remembers we are dust.

This comes under the regular rule of apposition, and differs from the following:

1. And you, ye waters,* roll.

2. We poets in our youth begin in gladness.

Constructions like these last are usually treated as instances of apposition; but it would perhaps be more logical to consider a pronour. thus employed as used adjectively, just as a noun may be used adjectively.

V. Appositive to a Statement.-Sometimes the idea expressed by an entire sentence is repeated pleonastically by means of a noun: thus, "He rashly ventured to ascend the mountain without a guide, an act which cost him his life;" that is, his rashly venturing, etc., was an act, etc.

EXERCISE 35.

In the following sentences correct the violations of Rule V.

1. The insult was offered to my friend, he whom I loved as a brother.

2. We kept silent, her and me.

3. Do you speak so to me, I who have so often befriended you?

4. The dress was made by Worth, the milliner, he that we saw in Paris.

5. Resolve me, why the cottager and king,

Him whom sea-severed realms obey, and him

Who steals his whole dominion from the waste,
Repelling winter blasts with mud and straw,
Disquieted alike, draw sigh for sigh.

* Observe that while "ye" is used adjectively, there is a real instance of apposition between "waters" and "you."

IV. COMPLEMENTARY RELATION.

1. COMPLEMENT OF TRANSITIVE VERBS.

Rule VI. The object of a transitive verb is in the objective

case.

I. The object, or complement (usually called the direct object), of a transitive verb may be:

1. A noun: as, "Love your enemies.”

2. A pronoun: as, "Follow me."

3. An infinitive or a phrase: as

1. Learn to labor and to wait (simple infinitives as objects).

2. Now leave complaining, and begin your tea (gerund as object).
3. Ladies, you deserve to have a temple built you (infinitive phrase as
object).

4. A proposition: as, "I perceived that we brought good-humor with

us."

NOTE.-A phrase or a clause used as the object of a verb is parsed as in the singular number and objective case. It should be understood that, with a few idiomatic exceptions, Rule VI. can apply only to transitive verbs in the active voice.

II. Verbals. The object may be the complement not only of a finite verb, but of its verbals—namely, the infinitives and the participles: thus

1. TO PUT [inf.] on your harness is different from PUTTING [gerund] it off.

2. The thief, SEEING [participle] the officer, ran away. HAVING EXPLORED [part.] the islands, Columbus returned to Spain.

III. Arrangement.

verb; thus

-

In the regular order the object follows the

And each separate dying ember

Wrought its ghost upon the floor,-Poe.

But for rhetorical effect the object may precede the verb:* thus-
Honey from out the gnarlèd hive I'll bring,

And apples wan with sweetness gather thee.-Keats.

EXERCISE 36.

In the following sentences apply Rule VI.†

1. The Muses haunt clear spring, or shady grove, or sunny hill.
2. Not a soldier discharged his farewell shot.-Wolfe.
3. When the enamoured sunny light

Brightens her that was so bright.-Wordsworth.

4. Their furrow oft the stubborn glebe has broke.-Gray. 5. Beaux banish beaux, and coaches coaches drive.-Pope. 6. The gushing flood the tartans dyed.-Scott.

7. Me he restored, and him he hanged.—Bible.

8. Knowledge in general expands the mind, exalts the faculties, refines the taste of pleasure, and opens innumerable sources of intellectual enjoyment.-Robert Hall.

9. For my own part I have ever believed, and do now know, that there are witches.-Sir T. Browne.

10. They lost no more time in asking questions.-Dickens.

11. They follow an adventurer whom they fear, and obey a power which they hate; we serve a monarch whom we love-a God whom we adore. -Sheridan.

12. Let me live a lifet of faith,

Let me die thy people's death.‡-Newton.

13. He gathered new and greater armies from his own land-from subju.gated lands. He called forth the young and brave-one from every household-from the Pyrenees to the Zuyder Zee-from Jura to the ocean. He marshalled them into long and majestic columns, and went forth to seize that universal dominion which seemed almost within his grasp.—Channing.

It sometimes happens, especially in poetry, that ambiguity is produced by these transpositions. Thus in the well-known line from Gray's Elegy— "And all the air a solemn stillness holds ".

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it is impossible to ascertain from the mere form of construction whether the "air" holds the "stillness," or the "stillness" holds the "air." We may, however, infer that "stillness" is the object; and, in fact, in this inverted order the object generally comes next to the verb.

+ Model: "The nouns spring, grove, and hill, objects of the transitive verb haunt, are in the objective case, according to Rule VI."

Cognate objectives.

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