237. Incomplete intransitive and passive verbs may take as a complement a predicate nominative or a predicate adjective: as

1. Knowledge is power.

2. The mountains are high.

3. She seems better.

4. Socrates was thought wise.

The complement of an intransitive or a passive verb may be one of the equivalents of the noun or of the adjective: thus

1. His intention was to go.

2. The probability is that he has gone to Europe.

3. That book seems of little value.

238. Certain transitive verbs (see Syntax, p. 168), take a double object, one direct and the other attributive; or they may take, in addition to the direct object, an adjective complement modifying the object: as—

1. We call the boy John.

2. We hold the man accountable.

IV. ADJUNCTS OF THE SUBJECT AND PREDICATE.

239. Of the Subject. Since the subject is always a noun or its equivalent, and since whatever words modify a noun are adjective in office, the adjuncts of the subject must be adjective elements.

240. An adjunct of the subject may be an adjective element of the first, the second, or the third degree: that is, it may be an adjective word, phrase, or clause.

I. As a word an adjective element may be

1. An adjective: as

Kind hearts are more than coronets.

2. An appositive noun: as

Newton, the philosopher, discovered the law of gravitation.

3. A possessive noun: as

Children's voices should be dear to a mother's ear.

II. An adjective phrase may be in form prepositional or participial: thus—

1. The thirst for fame is an infirmity of noble minds.

2. The man, being injured by the fall, was taken to the hospital. III. An adjective clause is always introduced by a relative pronoun or a relative adverb: thus

The man that hath no music in himself is fit for stratagems.

The place where Moses was buried is unknown.

241. The subject may be modified not only by one, but by any combination or number of combinations of adjective elements: thus

Born to inherit the most illustrious monarchy that the world ever saw, and early united to the object of her choice, the amiable PRINCESS, happy in herself, and joyful in her future prospects, little anticipated the fate which was so soon to overtake her.

242. Adjective elements are used to modify not only the subject, but a noun in any part of a sentence.

If the subject is an infinitive or a gerund, it may in its verb-character take a complement or adverbial adjuncts, or both: as—

1. To love one's enemies is a Christian duty.

2. Playing with fire is dangerous.

243. Of the Predicate. The predicate verb is modified by adverbial elements.

244. An adverbial element may be an element of the first, second, or third degree.

I. As a word, an adverbial element may be

1. An adverb: as—

Leonidas died bravely.

2. An indirect object: as

1. Give the man a seat.

2. Give him a seat.

3. An objective adverbial: as

1. Our friends have returned home.
2. The book cost three dollars.

4. An infinitive of purpose: as

She stoops to conquer.

II. An adverbial phrase may be in form prepositional or participial: thus—

1. Leonidas died with great bravery.

2. He reads standing at his desk.

III. An adverbial clause is always introduced by a conjunctive adverb or a subordinate conjunction: thus—

1. The lawyers smiled that afternoon

When he hummed in court an old love-tune.

2. Fishes have no voice because they have no lungs.

245. The predicate verb may be modified by any combination or number of combinations of adverbial elements; and an adverbial element may serve as an adjunct, not only of a verb, but of an adjective or an adverb.

From what has been stated, it will be correctly inferred that a noun complement may receive any of the modifications of the noun, while an adjective complement may take as adjunct an adverbial element of any degree.

CHAPTER II.

ANALYSIS OF THE SIMPLE SENTENCE.

I. THEORY OF THE SIMPLE SENTENCE.

246. The simple sentence consists of a single proposition, and hence can contain but one finite verb.

247. The simple subject of the simple sentence consists of a substantive element of the first or second degree; that is, of a word or phrase equivalent to a noun.

248. Its modifications. The simple subject may be modified (or enlarged) by any adjective element of the first or second degree, or by any combination of adjective elements of those degrees.

249. The simple predicate of the simple sentence always consists of some finite verb, either with or without a complement.

250. Its modifications.-The simple predicate may be modified by any adverbial element of the first or second degree, or by any combination of adverbial elements of those degrees.

II. DIRECTIONS FOR ANALYSIS.

In analyzing a simple sentence-I. State the nature of the sentence (1) by structure; (2) by use.

II. Designato

1. The grammatical subject.

2. The grammatical predicate (that is, the predicate verb).

3. The modifications of the subject.

4. The complement, when the verb is incomplete.

5. The modifications, and the complement (if any) of the comple

ment.

6. The modifications of the grammatical predicate.

7. The logical predicate.

When the grammatical subject or predicate has no adjuncts, it may be stated that "the subject (or predicate), grammatical and logical, is—”

NOTES ON ANALYSIS.

I. The order of a sentence may be direct or inverted; and in resolving a sentence-that is, in showing the elements that enter into its construction—it is proper to reduce it from the inverted to the direct form: thus

Inverted. Now fades the glimmering landscape on the sight.

The glimmering landscape fades on the sight now; or,

Direct. {The glimmering landscape now fades on the sight.

Inverted. Thee the voice, the dance obey.
Direct. The voice, the dance obey thee.

Inverted. Slow melting strains their queen's approach declare.
Direct. Slow melting strains declare their queen's approach.

II. In written analysis it will be found convenient to employ the following method of designating the degree of an element:

substantive word: i. e., substantive element first degree.

substantive phrase: i. e., substantive element second degree. "" = substantive clause: i. e., substantive element third degree. a'adjective word: i. e., adjective element first degree. a" = adjective phrase: i. e., adjective element second degree. a""adjective clause: i. e., adjective element third degree. adv.'

adverbial word: i. e., adverbial element first degree. adv." = adverbial phrase: i. e., adverbial element second degree. adv."" = adverbial clause: i. e., adverbial element third degree.

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