delphia? (5) Describe the public services of some governor of a colony. (6) For any one colony compare its geographic extent in 1650 with its extent in 1690. (7) Make a list of meetings of colonial governors, 1640-1763. (8) How could the English colonists trade with the Spanish West Indies? (9) Why was the British government opposed to paper money? (10) Spotswood's explorations west of the mountains.

(11) The Wesleys in America. (12) Whitefield's preaching. Search topics (13) Some of Franklin's witty sayings. (14) Claims by the colonists to the rights of Englishmen, 1689–1750. (15) Origin of the "caucus." (16) A session of a colonial legislature. (17) Oddities of town meetings. (18) Conduct of the slave trade. (19) Life at Princeton College. (20) Causes of disputes with colonial governors. (21) Some notable colonial agents. (22) Instances of acts of colonial legislatures vetoed by governors.

REFERENCES

authorities

Thwaites, Colonies, §§ 24-26, 46, 81, 97, 116-130; Fisher, Colo- Secondary nial Era, 216–236, 241-286, 292-312; Lodge, English Colonies, chs. i. iii. v. vii. ix. xii. xiv. xviii.-xxi. passim; Greene, Provincial America, Colonial Governor; Fiske, Old Virginia, II. 30– 44, 162-173, 289-308, 333-337, 370-400, Dutch and Quaker Colonies, II. 209-257, 294-317, - New France and New England, 197-232; Doyle, English in America, I. 266–274, 323-327, 343-350, 363-380, III. 8-14, 273-376, 395-404; Gay, Bryant's History, IL 395-400, III. 25–191, 222-253; Weeden, New England, I. 314–330, 379-387, II. 473-492, 607-713; Channing, Town and County Government; Dewey, Financial History, §§ 3-11; Hart, Practical Essays, 133-161; Mereness, Maryland.

Hart, Source Book, §§ 27, 42, 48-52,- Contemporaries, I. §§ 104, Sources 126, II. §§ 19-24, 26, 29–31, 33, 36, 38-44, 47-79, 88, 89,- Source Readers, I. §§ 13, 18, III. 71; American History Leaflets, no. 14; Hill, Liberty Documents, ch. xi.; Caldwell, Survey, 32-39; Franklin, Autobiography; John Woolman, Journal. See N. Eng. Hist. Teachers' Ass'n, Syllabus, 301, 306-308, 313-315,- Historical Sources, § 73.

works

Hawthorne, Grandfather's Chair, pt. i. chs. x. xi., pt. ii. chs. Пlustrative i.-vi.; Cooper, Deerslayer (N.Y.); J. K. Paulding, Dutchman's Fireside (N.Y.); Mary Johnston, Audrey (Va.); W. A. Caruthers, Knights of the Horseshoe (Va.); J. E. Cooke, Stories of the Old Dominion, 82-109; Simins, Yemassee (S. C. Indians). Winsor, America, V.; Wilson, American People, I. II.

Pictures

CHAPTER VIII.

WARS WITH THE FRENCH (1689–1763)

ONE of the first acts of King William III. was to declare war on France in 1689; and during the next three quarters of 92. Rivalry a century four fierce struggles by sea and land expressed of France the national hostility between England and France. and England The most notable thing in these wars is the rise of the (1689-1697) British sea power." To protect her own colonies, scattered all over the globe, and to attack the colonies of France and Spain, England developed the best navy of the time. The unit for naval fights was a fleet of the "wooden walls of England," the great three-decker "ships of the line" of 1000 to 2000 tons' burden, carrying in two or three tiers as many as 120 guns. In time of war, often in times of peace, merchantmen sailed in "convoys," great fleets under protection of vessels of war, to keep off the enemy's cruisers and privateers.

In each of these wars the colonists fought for England by land and sea. Their first experience of invasion was from a French expedition, composed partly of Indians, which in 1690 struck the town of Schenectady, eighteen miles west of Albany, surprised it at midnight, sacked and burned its eighty houses, killed sixty people, and took thirty prisoners. In successive years half a dozen towns near the Atlantic coast were raided in the same ruthless fashion. The English struck one good return blow in 1690, when, under the leadership of Sir William Phips of Massachusetts, they captured Port Royal (now Annapolis, Nova Scotia). After eight years of what was called in America" King William's War," each power agreed by the peace of Ryswick, in 1697, to restore its conquests to the other.

He lived among

93. The

border

Indians

The French attack on the frontier led the English colonies to make friends with the ferocious Iroquois. The Five Nations were enlarged into the "Six Nations" by the coming of a tribe of their blood brethren, the Tuscaroras (1713). Then five years later the home government appointed Sir William Johnson its agent to the Six Nations. them in a great place called Johnson Hall, where he held open house for their benefit. He was an adept at those long-drawn councils which the Indians so much loved; he knew how to give belts of wampum "to dry up their tears," how metaphorically "to clear the road grown up with weeds," and to set up "the fine shady trees almost blown down by the northerly winds." This palaver, accompanied with plenty of food and rum, was very effective in preventing the French north wind. from blowing down the English influence among the Iroquois. In the South, the growth of the Carolinas led to bloody wars with the Tuscarora and Yamassee Indians from 1712 to 1716. In 1730 the Cherokees made treaties, by which they recognized the king of Great Britain (p. 126) as their Father, and thus provided a point of opposition to the French in the Southwest; and the settlement of Georgia soon brought the whites into close contact with the Cherokees, Creeks, and other strong interior tribes.

The colonial wars were made more terrible by the Indian allies of the French, who captured prisoners to make slaves of them, or to hold them for a ransom. Fearful was the hasty march northward after a raid; little children were brained against the trees, because too troublesome to carry; the women who fainted