comforts of life were greater, education was better and more widely spread; it was a happy country. TOPICS (1) Why did new issues come up in the presidential election of Suggestive topics 1884? (2) What does "mugwump" mean? (3) Why was the South "solid" in 1884? (4) Why has the United States so rapidly disposed of the arable public land? (5) Why have so many women's colleges been founded since 1865? (6) Why have there been so many inventions since 1865? (7) What is the advantage of general laws for corporations over special charters? (8) Why do so many river and harbor bills fail to get through Congress? (9) What is the advantage of publicity in corporation accounts? (10) Why are "contract laborers" forbidden to immigrate to this country? (11) Why was the Tenure of Office Act repealed in 1887? (12) What are the advantages of the Australian ballot? (13) What is the objection to a surplus? (14) Why was the French Panama Canal a failure? (15) Political career of Blaine up to 1884. (16) President Search Cleveland's vetoes. (17) Rush for land in Oklahoma in 1889; in topics 1891; in 1893. (18) Beauties of the Yosemite Park. (19) Beauties of the Yellowstone Park. (20) Description of the Library of Congress. (21) Mr. Dooley on American politics. (22) Winston Churchill's historical novels. (23) Debate on the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887. (24) Haymarket mob in Chicago in 1886. (25) Speaker Reed's "counting a quorum," January, 1890. (26) Financial crisis of 1893. (27) Debates on the Wilson tariff of 1894. (28) Proceedings of the Pan-American Congress of 1890. (29) Nomination of Bryan in 1896. (30) Debate on the Dingley tariff of 1897. (31) Why did the Supreme Court disallow the income tax in 1895 ? REFERENCES See map, pp. 10, 11; Semple, Geographic Conditions, 310–396; Geography Ford, National Problems. authorities Wilson, Division and Reunion, §§ 142-148; Johnston, Politics, Secondary 265-279: Stanwood, Presidency, 419–569; Ford, National Problems ; Wilson, American People, V. 169–269; Cambridge Modern History, VII. 655–674, 697–722; Gay, Bryant's History, V. 541-674; Larned, History for Ready Reference, V. 3581, VI. 145, 553, 684; Brown, Lower South, 247-271; Cable, Negro Question; Dewey, Sources Illustrative works Pictures Financial History, §§ 181-196; Noyes, American Finance, 104– 254; Taussig, Tariff History, 251-409; Stanwood, American Tariff Controversies, II. 219-394; Hart, Practical Essays, 98–132. Hart, Source Book, § 138, — Contemporaries, IV. §§ 161, 164167, 170-172, 178, 179, 197–209; MacDonald, Select Statutes, nos, 109–127; American History Leaflets, no. 6; Johnston, American Orations, IV. 238-269, 329-420; Appleton's Annual Cyclopædia, 1885-1897. See N. Eng. Hist. Teachers' Ass'n, Historical Sources, §§ 90, 91. Frank Norris, The Octopus, The Pit; Will Payne, Money Captain; H. K. Webster, Banker and the Bear (corner); Merwin and Webster, Calumet K," Short Line War (labor, corporations); Anonymous. The Breadwinners; Octave Thanet, Heart of Toil; J. A. Riis, How the Other Half Lives, — Children of the Poor; W. E. B. DuBois, Souls of Black Folk; P. L. Dunbar, Folks from Dixie; C. W. Chesnutt, Marrow of Tradition (negroes); Emma Rayner, Handicapped among the Free (negroes); C. E. Craddock, Prophet of the Great Smoky Mountain; Owen Wister, The Virginian (Western); M. H. Foote, Cœur d'Alene (mining), - Chosen Valley (irrigation); M. L. Luther, The Henchman. Harper's Weekly; Harper's Monthly; Scribner's Monthly; Century. CHAPTER XXXIV. THE SPANISH WAR AND ITS RESULTS (1897-1903) 474. The Cuban insurrection A NEW era of national history began when our territory was extended by war with Spain in 1898. After the end of the Cuban insurrection in 1878, Cuba quickly recovered prosperity, till the island had an export trade of $100,000,000 a year, most of it to the United States. Yet many of (1895-1898) the native-born Cubans were discontented, for in government and society they were considered inferiors by the "peninsulars," or native Spaniards; taxes were high; and the trade of the island was, so far as possible, kept in the hands of Spanish merchants. An insurrection broke out in Cuba in 1895, aided by a "Junta," a council of wealthy Cubans in the United States, who within three years sent from the United States more than twenty filibustering expeditions, with arms and men for the insurgents. The war was savage on both sides; the sugar plantations were devastated, and neither party could beat the other. The Spaniards held the western end of the island, and ordered the people outside the towns to come within the Spanish lines into reconcentrado camps, where many of them miserably perished. Property was destroyed, often that of American citizens; and some American residents, traders, and newspaper correspondents were arrested on proof or on suspicion that they were helping the insurgents. A natural sympathy with a people struggling for independ ence led a Senate committee, in 1896, to investigate the 475. Causes of the Spanconditions of Cuba. Public feeling was aroused in Febish War ruary, 1898, by the publication of a private letter of the (1895-1898) HART'S AMER. HIST.-33 551 Spanish minister De Lome, which in translation seemed to speak slightingly of the President and the American government; and De Lome was obliged to resign his post. Demonstrations against the Americans in Havana led our government to send the battleship Maine to that city. On the night of February 15, 1898, the Maine was blown up by an explosion, which killed 260 of the men; and an American naval board of inquiry later reported that the ship was destroyed by a submarine mine. Our consul-general, Fitzhugh Lee, said: "I do not think it was put there by the Spanish government. I think probably it was an act of four or five subordinate officers." Yet there was a widespread feeling in the United States that the Spanish government was responsible. War was so likely that Congress placed at the disposal of the President $50,000,000 for national defense (March 9, 1898). President McKinley and Thomas B. Reed, Speaker of the House, were both anxious to prevent war; but there was a strong public feeling that Spain could not keep order in Cuba, could not subdue the insurgents, and could not protect American property or even the shipping in Cuban harbors. The time seemed to have come to end the Spanish government in the western world. Senator Proctor of Vermont added to the flame by a speech describing the horrors which he had seen in Cuba (March 17, 1898). 476. Out After some months of negotiation with Spain, in which guarantees of reform in Cuba were proposed by Spain, but thought insufficient, President McKinley sent a mesbreak of the sage to Congress (April 11, 1898), in which he described Spanish War (1898). the loss of property and life, and said, "In the name Contempo- of humanity, in the name of civilization, in behalf of endangered American interests, which give us the right and the duty to speak and act, the war in Cuba must stop." April 20, 1898, a joint resolution was passed directing the President to use the military and naval forces of the United raries, IV. 576 States to compel Spain to leave Cuba. To this measure sional Rec was added the Teller resolution: "That the United States hereby disclaims any disposition or intention to exercise Congressovereignty, jurisdiction, or control over said island ex- ord 1897-98, cept for the pacification thereof, and asserts its determination, when that is accomplished, to leave the government and control of the island to its people." On the outbreak of war, Commodore Dewey, in command of the American vessels in the Pacific, was ordered to find and CHINA SEA SOUTH SCALE OF MILES 200 CIFI LUZON Manila Bd MINDORO MANILA PALAWAN BRITISH PANAY NEGROS SULU. SEA 100 SAMAR MINDANAO SULU ISLANDS CELEBES SEA THE PHILIPPINES. (and a dispatch vessel), of which had destroyed eleven vessels and the fort; that his squadron Dewey anchored off the city of Manila, which for some time remained in the hands of the Spaniards. He brought with him to the island, Aguinaldo, a Philippine native of influence, who had been engaged in an insurrection against the Spanish power, and who raised a Philippine army to besiege the city on the land side. Manila was attacked by sea and land and |