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(1) Why were the Cubans dissatisfied with the Spanish government? (2) What was the objection to the reconcentrado camps? (3) Why was the Teller resolution of April, 1898, passed? (4) Why was Aguinaldo brought to the Philippines? (5) Why was not the United States better prepared for war? (6) Why was the army in Cuba defective in transportation and medical supplies? (7) Why did Santiago surrender so quickly? (8) Why did the United States pay $20,000,000 to Spain ?

(9) Report of the Senate committee on Cuba in 1896. (10) Destruction of the battleship Maine. (11) Native government of Cuba during the insurrection. (12) The siege of Manila, 1898. (13) Hobson's sinking of the Merrimac. (14) The fight at San Juan Hill. (15) The Rough Riders. (16) Naval battle of Santiago. (17) The Schurman Commission on the Philippines. (18) The present government of the Philippine Islands. (19) The present government of Cuba. (20) Public services of William McKinley previous to 1896. (21) Why did President Cleveland oppose the annexation of Hawaii? (22) What right had the United States to reform the government of Cuba?

REFERENCES

See maps, pp. 553, 554, 561; Semple, Geographic Conditions, 397-435.

Latané, America the World Power, - United States and Spanish America, 174, 175, 214-220; Wilson, American People, V. 269300; Cambridge Modern History, VII. 674-686; Larned, History for Ready Reference, VI. 65, 171, 225, 258, 367, 583; Elson, Side Lights, II. 352-401; Dewey, Financial History, §§ 197-202; Carpenter, American Advance, 288-331; Callahan, Cuba, 453–497; Maclay, United States Navy, III. 39-440; Titherington, SpanishAmerican War; Brooks, War with Spain.

Hart, Source Book, §§ 141-145, Contemporaries, IV. §§ 180196; MacDonald, Select Statutes, nos. 128-131; Old South Leaflets, no. 114; Hill, Liberty Documents, ch. xxiv.; Caldwell, Territorial Development, 213-255; Appleton's Annual Cyclopædia, 1898-1903. See N. Eng. Hist. Teachers' Ass'n., Historical Sources, § 92.

F. P. Dunne, Mr. Dooley in Peace and War, Mr. Dooley in the Hearts of his Countrymen; Stephen Crane, Wounds in the Rain.

Leslie's Official History of the Spanish-American War; Harper's Weekly; Harper's Pictorial History of the War with Spain; Collier's Weekly; Century; Scribner's; McClure's.

CHAPTER XXXV.

WHAT AMERICA HAS DONE FOR THE WORLD

487. The American

THE history of our beloved country can not be understood unless we think of it as the story of the progress of great ideals and principles. Having followed it to the end of the nineteenth century, let us now consider what America has accomplished which will be transmitted to posterity.

The United States has taught the world how to make a great modern nation out of a variety of races and peoples. According to the

federal census of 1900, in the total "continental" population of 76,000,000 people, about 10,000,000 were born outside this country, 16,000,000 were chil

dren of foreigners, and 9,000,000 negroes.

Yet all the elements of this enormous population had a common set of political traditions and methods, and, with few exceptions, held themselves to be Americans and devoted only to this country.

About 43,000,000 Americans lived in the valleys of the Mississippi and of the Great Lakes. This middle West has come to

race

have the most people, the most votes, and the most influence in national affairs; but the East with its seaports and connection with Europe, and the far West with its farms, mines, and workshops, are closely united. Even the old sectional feeling between North and South seems almost spent, and one American race and spirit is developing throughout the broad land. The mixture of races is aided by the practice of moving freely from state to state. In 1900 14,000,000 persons born within the United States were living outside the state of their birth.

488. Terri

pansion

The United States grew from about 400,000 square miles in 1776 to 3,747,000 square miles in 1900 by the following additions of territory to the original thirteen states: (1) torial ex- the Northwest Territory, in part conquered by General George Rogers Clark in 1778, in part ceded by the treaty of 1783; (2) the country south of the Ohio River, in part previously occupied by the Kentuckians and Tennesseeans, but chiefly gained by clever diplomacy in 1782; (3) Louisiana, purchased from France in 1803; (4) Oregon, discovered in 1792, explored in 1805, occupied as wild territory in 1811; (5) West Florida, conquered in 1810-1814; (6) East Florida, purchased in 1819; (7) Texas, annexed as a state in 1845; (8) New Mexico and California, conquered in 1846 and ceded by Mexico in 1848; (9) the Gadsden Purchase, bought from Mexico in 1853; (10) Alaska, bought in 1867; (11) the Hawaiian Islands, annexed by consent in 1898; (12) Christmas, Wake, Baker, Howland, Midway, and other islands, earlier discovered but added as wild territory in 1898; (13) Porto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines, conquered in 1898; (14) Tutuila and some other small Samoan islands, wild territory confirmed as our sole possession in 1899.

These acquisitions, most of them brought in peacefully, have given to the United States a magnificent frontage on the Atlantic, on the Gulf of Mexico, on the Great Lakes, and on the Pacific, with outlying island possessions and naval stations.

The United States in 1900 was far the strongest force in North America, the leading power in the West Indies, and was on the way, through its control of a canal, to dominate Central America; while from the Philippines she spoke with authority on Asiatic questions.

489. Recla

the frontier

Much of the history of the United States is the story of the swift occupation of new territories. The English colonists lived practically on the seacoast, but during the Revolumation of tion began the long process of clearing the wilderness just beyond the Appalachian ranges, and then of settling the country farther west. In 1787 the tide began to push into the Northwest. In 1800 Indiana and western Kentucky were the frontier; in 1810 the Mississippi River; in 1821 Missouri was admitted into the Union; in 1850 the extreme limits of settlement were the Missouri River and the lower Rio Grande. Already population was working backward from the Pacific coast, and by 1890 there was a continuous belt of states across the continent.

The Indian tribes were pushed aside by this onset of backwoodsmen. A series of bloody wars, which made both sides more ruthless, destroyed the red man's power before 1880, though the total number of Indians has not much diminished. As the wheatfield and cornfield advanced, the forests fell. Swamps were drained, roads created, streams bridged, houses built, schoolhouses provided. Never has mankind seen such a speedy and complete conquest of the wilderness.

490. Personal liberty

This westward movement was in part an application of one of the greatest lessons which America has taught mankind, the right of personal liberty, the right of every man and woman to be free from arbitrary arrests, from unfair trials, and from unaccustomed punishments; and the broader right to move about, to work where one will, to go from place to place, and to engage in the trade or business for which a man or woman is capable.