trees. If any of you live in counties where there are no local nurseries, some young man there should adopt the business for a profession, for it will prove of great benefit to him and to others. I would advise you to get trees from the nurseries in the part of the state where the trees are to be planted. Geo. J. Kellogg There is certainly great need of local nurseries where the people can buy trees that they know are all right. It was told to me this winter that a certain tree peddler who had sold a thousand dollars' worth of trees, after he had disposed of them, declared them worthless. B. S. Hoxie-I am an early settler in the state of Wisconsin. I visited one of the oldest nurseries in the state at Delavan. I have seen a great many trees growing in door-yards and gardens that came from that nursery. Mr. Plumb says that nine-tenths of the nursery stock is foreign. I suppose he means that that stock is grown outside of the state. In the little town where I live three-fourths of the trees sold there are from Minnesota. I think the question of growing trees from stock grown in nurseries near by is what we most need to consider. Our farmers will buy of these foreign nurseries and pay four or five times as much as they would pay to our own nurseries. J. C. Plumb-Mr. Hoxie is astonished when I say that ninetenths of the trees sold in Wisconsin are foreign trees, but I believe it to be a fact. Now, as to the local nurseries, you may wonder why I advocate them, for I have been a nurseryman that employs salesmen. I have been in that business and have been employing agents for the last thirty years. have ten or twelve men out now selling trees, but they are all local agents. They live in the localities where they sell the trees, and one of them has been selling our trees for the last twenty years. I am nearly out of the business. I believe the time has come for us to follow the line of work Prof. Goff has started in our agricultural college, that of edu cating the young men. There the students are taught to graft, to bud, and the other things necessary to successfully run a local nursery. I think there should also be a system of instruction showing how trees are grown in local nurseries. M. Pierce-I want to say a word about the Jewell nursery. It once did get a carload of trees that came from the east; they were sent out to Nebraska. The Jewell nursery grows nine-tenths of the trees they are selling. I am in a local, business; I never put an agent in the field and never will. I sell direct to the grower. When I went into the business every one said I was a fool, but now there are men who are putting out 500 trees. I never talked trees to them and never will. When they come to me to buy trees I give them all the advice I can. Wm. 'Toole-I think the hardiness of a variety and its adaptability to climate is inherent in the tree. WHAT I HAVE LEARNED ABOUT SPRAYING. A. L. Hatch, Ithaca. What I have learned about spraying is known to the general public and need not be repeated here. We will rather consider some important matters concerning spraying and give some conclusions from my experience and study. I will state that the following are the most practical materials now generally used: kerosene and kerosene emulsion for aphis or plant lice, bark lice and chinch bugs; Bordeaux mixtures for rot, mold, scab and blight; Paris green for all leaf eating insects and codling moth or the apple worm. The last two may be combined to effect two objects at once, but not the two first. It pays to spray all kinds of fruit trees, grape vines and potatoes generally, but I am not prepared to say that it is of any value on strawberries, raspberries or blackberries, while it is reported as being quite successful on gooseberries and currants. Perhaps where failure on any of the plants occurs it is because not rightly done at the right time. Spraying is generally preventive rather than remedial, and it should be borne in mind that foliage that grows between times of spraying is not directly protected. If the parasitic fungus is very active from extremely favorable weather for its development then it may find lodgment upon the tender tissues of the plant and penetrate too far into its structure to be reached by the next spraying. Hence, foliage should not be left too long unsprayed, and spraying should continue until all the leaves have expanded or until sufficient foliage is protected to mature the plant's crop of fruit. To fruit growers who have apple orchards the hardest problem we have to contend with is the second brood of codling moths. The complete infesting of all late apples leads us to wonder if our spraying was faulty. Our apples, maturing by September 1st or sooner, such as Duchess and Tetofsky, were quite free from worms, while Golden Russett, Walbridge, Talman and other late sorts were very wormy. Close examination showed me that the trouble was due to a second brood of worms that our early spraying could not affect. We found this second brood goes into the apple almost anywhere, and seldom in the place where the first brood enters, viz., in the calyx Hence, any lodgment of poison in the calyx of the apple, no matter how persistent it might be, would not prove a remedy because the moth would not deposit its egg there. Believing this so important a matter in spraying, I wrote to the chief entomologist of the United States and herewith present his reply: Mr. A. L. Hatch, Department of Agriculture, Division of Entomology, Ithaca, Richland Co., Wis. My Dear Sir:-I am much interested in yours of 12th instant. I have read it with care and am inclined to think that the only possible explanation is the development of a large second brood in some neglected orchards near by, which fly to your trees in late July or August and oviposit. If this should prove upon study to be the case, of course your best means of defense would be to spray again at the proper time. The ascertaining of the best time for this midsummer spraying is a point which will have to be worked out by you or by Professor Goff or some one more or less trained in such mat 1 ters. Professor Smith, of New Jersey, has recently sur prised us by showing that at New Brunswick there is probably but a single brood of the codling moth. This had previously been indicated in a paper published in one of the Maine reports, but which has not received general attention from entomologists, and it now seems quite possible that the single brood is the rule in the New England states and New Jersey, and, therefore, of course, in all probability, in New York and Pennsylvania. We know, however, with equal certainty, that it is double brooded in Illinois and Iowa, from the exact observations of Le Baron in the former state and Gillette in the latter. From Le Baron's observations the moths issued from the latter part of July on through the month of August, but the majority of them made their appearance by the middle of August. This would indicate that about the middle of August would be the best time to spray for the second brood in Le Baron's locality. How it will be with you I cannot judge. There is a possibility—a bare one-that the insect is singlebrooded with you. The few facts that we know, however, all point towards double-broodedness and the probabilities are that a thorough spraying between the 15th and 20th of Aug. ust will do very considerable good. The use of bandages in your own orchard will not help you. All that could possibly be done by the bandages is done by your early spraying. Moreover, the destruction of fallen fruit in June and July in your own orchard will do little good, if I understand the matter rightly, as the first brood of worms is already killed in your own orchard. You speak as though you knew breeding places not under your control where this second brood of moths issue. If so, and it is possible by any effort whatever to get this place under your control, that would be the best way out of the difficulty. With regard to the new arsenate of lead, you will find comments in No. 2, volume VIII, Insect Life, on pages 123--4, which give the result of our experience at this office with this mixture. I visited the Gypsy Moth commission last summer when they were spraying with this substance near Boston and found them using it as strong as ten pounds to one hundred and fifty gallons of water. Buying the arsenate in such large quantities they were able to get it at seven cents per pound. In no case did I see any damage to the foliage after its appli cation. Yours very truly, L. O. Howard, Entomologist. I could not see how it would be practical to spray in August, and in answer to my request for more light, received the following: United States Department of Agriculture, Mr. A. L. Hatch, Division of Entomology, Washington, D. C., November 26, 1894. Ithaca, Richland Co., Wis. Dear Sir:-In reply to your letter of the 22d instant I have to say that you have stated the whole argument and principle of spraying for the codling moth very accurately. A second spraying late in the summer will, as you suggest, rarely be practical or effective, and it is therefore all the more necessary to see that the spraying is well and thoroughly done before the apples turn down on the stem. Arsenicals are not apt to be as persistent on the leaves as the Bordeaux mixture, not being as finely powdered as the latter; but London purple will be superior to Paris green in this respect. It may be that the new insecticide, arsenate of lead, referred to by you, will be more valuable than the old arsenicals, on account of its greater presistency, and I hope you will give it a trial on your apples, as you suggest. The method of applying it is described in a foot note in Farmers' Bulletin, 19. You might also make a test, if you have the opportunity, with London purple and lime, adding glucose, as is done with arsenate of lead. I shall be very glad to have you report results. The spraying treatment may also be profitably accompanied by the banding method to catch the larvae; and the two together will very materially protect the fall and winter apples. All this work, however, as I think I wrote you in my last letter, is dependent to a great extent for its results upon your neighbors. If the neglected orchard which you mention is in close proximity to your own, your chances for perfect apples are small, unless you can spray that orchard also. Yours truly, L. O. Howard, Entomologist. Desiring fuller information I wrote Prof. L. H. Bailey, of New York, and received the following letter giving about the same advice as Mr. Howard gave, to spraying in August: Ithaca, N. Y., Nov. 28, 1894. Mr. A. L. Hatch, Ithaca, Wis. Dear Mr. Hatch:-We have had some difficulty with the second brood of codling moth the same as you have. We find |