his growing orchard; comes ready to pull off his coat and aid in setting the trees if need be, rather than see them fail from improper planting. And it is needless to add to this horticultural audience they did not fail.

"The test of a good teacher is not how many questions he asks that his pupils can answer readily, but how many he inspires them to ask him, that he finds difficult to answer." Nature is a great teacher, and the above is true of her as of any other pert schoolma'am. Varied conditions of nature, equivalent to various questions. The more rugged the conditions, the harder the answers; the harder the answers, the closer the study; the closer the study, the more resulting culture, progress, evolution, culture of mind and culture of soil mark the immense interval of time and degree between the barbarian of the horticultural period and his garden in the girdling and a modern farm or garden, orchard or berry field.

"New occasions teach new duties;
Time makes ancient good uncouth;
They must onward still and upward,
Who would keep abreast of truth.

Onward, onward, onward ever!

Human progress none may stay,
Let us act that each tomorrow
Find us wiser than today."

DISCUSSION.

J. S. Stickney-There is a sentence contained in the paper by Mrs. Robbins that strikes me as very, very true; that is where she refers to Wisconsin as being "good enough" and that we can raise as good fruit as any state in the union. We will find, wherever we go, disparagements. We can make a great deal of our own surroundings if we try to do so. Every state has its drawbacks as well as its advantages. A. G. Tuttle-A friend of mine bought a place near Gal

veston. We heard of his eating green peas on Christmas and in two days after his garden was all destroyed by the frost.

N. N. Palmer-I think northern Florida is the healthiest place on earth The first winter that I spent in De Funiah Springs there were only three deaths. One member of each family that was there, was there on account of poor health.

J. S. Stickney-I think Mr. Palmer has done the wisest thing possible; he has taken the best of two states and so gets along very nicely. Sixteen years ago I went through the south. In our party were our old associates, Mr. Stilson and Mr. Kiels. Mr. Stilson was captivated and remained in the south. Ten years afterward I visited that country again, and there were just as many acres of that fine looking land undeveloped as there was when I first visited it. While in Ft. Worth I saw loads of cotton coming in that came 150 miles to market. Team after team I saw there with boards lashed on for a wagon box, and the harness would not contain five pounds of leather; the man who drew the load-well, his whole outfit for clothing did not probably cost him over five dollars, and he could not get more than a dollar and a half for it.

B. S. Hoxie-I have no desire to go south to live. It is called a great fruit country, and I thought while I was in Atlanta that I would get some grapes for I expected to find some nice ones there, but I could not find so many in that large city as I would find in the little town of Evansville. It seems to me that it is not altogether the climate that makes the southern people indolent; it is because of the slavery system. and the evils that grew out of it, and also the food they eat. Their diet consists of very little fruit and a good deal of meat and corn prepared in different forms; they use a great deal of carbonaceous food.

REPORT OF A. J. PHILIPS.

Delegate to Minnesota Meeting, Held at Lake City, January 8 to 11, 1895.

The first day was occupied by preliminary arrangements. Reports of vice presidents and reports of experiment stations. The attendance was large and the interest unusually good. The membership of our Minnesota brethren being over 500, it makes it easy to secure a large audience. Not being present at the Tuesday evening's session, can not give a report of same. Wednesday forenoon was taken up with a discussion of the apple. The superintendent of their tree station, Mr. E. S. Dart, of Owatonna, gave his talk on Horticultural Frauds. He said one mistake of their members was a disposition to follow strange gods, one of which was the looking after Wisconsin and Iowa seedlings instead of their own. I suggested to Mr. Dart that they had not only followed but had captured at least one strange god, for the best display of seedlings on the table was the Wisconsin seedling, Wolf River. Their show of fruit was good. Malinda, Wealthy and Longfield very nice. One noticeable feature was the absence on their tables of the two noted seedlings, Okabena and Peerless, though many inquiries from visitors were heard. The paper on seedling apples was read by the writer of this report, which drew out many questions. Wednesday forenoon was used by reports of committees on grapes and small fruits. Wednesday evening the exercises were very interesting. Illustrated Plans of Home Adornment was given in an instructive manner by F. H. Nutter, of Minneapolis. Thursday forenoon was spent in hearing and discussing papers and plans of irrigation. This was interesting, and Mr. Wolcot, of Sparta, gave an interesting talk on how he irrigated his three acre plantation with an artesian well. Thursday afternoon sweet potato growing was discussed. Reports of committees on fruit lists and vegetables also given. Having to leave Thursday evening, this report will be continued on Friday by Mr. Geo. J. Kellogg, who was present from Wisconsin on that day.

REPORT OF MINNESOTA STATE

HORTICULTURAL

MEETING.

A. J. Philips, Secretary Wisconsin State Horticultural Society, West Salem.

Continuation by G. J. Kellogg It was my good fortune to get away from institute work long enough to run down and enjoy the last day of the annual meeting at Lake City. There were some very valuable papers, final resolutions, reports of committees, and the banquet. Here the hospitality of the good citizens of Lake City overflowed. I have attended many occasions called banquets, but this exceeds anything I have ever enjoyed. The Masonic hall and its dining rooms were spread for the occasion and promptly at 1' p. m., about two hundred guests were seated and partook of the bountiful repast. Then President Underwood called to order and toasts from about twenty of the guests, interspersed with music, poem and songs, made the occasion long to be remembered.

We in Wisconsin have a good deal of "underbrush," but I do not know that we have a single tree that we call "Underwood." This winter meeting is conceded by all as the best in their history and all due to their president, secretary and local committee.

Minnesota pays her secretary a salary of $600 per year, and $100 for a shorthand reporter, and through the secretary's efforts its membership counts up to 579, of which 522 are actual paid members.

Fruit lists: I was surprised that only two varieties of apples were on their list for general cultivation: Duchess and Hibernal. After considerable discussion Charlamoff was added. They add for trial and favorable locations, Longfield, Wealthy, Kaump, Gilbert, Repka Malenka, Anisim, Okabena, Hotchkiss, Peerless and Patten's Greening. Crabs for general cultivation, Virginia, Martha, Whitney, Minnesota, Early Strawberry, Sweet Russett, Pride of Minneapolis, Tonka and Dartt's Hybrid. In their strawberry list they gave a small number of varieties and Bederwood was the only one that

For

comes anywhere near to the front of the perfect flowering kinds. They still keep Capt. Jack, Crawford and Wilson for perfect. Crescent, Warfield and Haverland for pistillates. Plums: De Soto, Forest Garden, Cheney and Wolf. trial: Rockford, Rollingstone, Wyant and Ocheeda. rants: Their list includes Red Dutch, White Grape, Long Bunch Holland, Victoria, and, by special resolution, North Star was added.

Cur

Wm. Somerville, of Viola, reported seventy varieties of Russians in orchard free from blight and doing well, seven of them of the Hibernal family, four or more of the Duchess family, and duplicates of many other groups, and some duplicates in nomenclature. He also reported having discarded 150 varieties of Russians. He has ten varieties, of the seventy, marked of greater hardiness than Duchess; five of them are of the Hibernal family.

His ten most hardy are, Hibernal, Leiby, Recumbent, Juicy Burr, Piqua, Red Annis, Yellow Annis, Korks Annis, Blue Annis and Russian Green.

DISCUSSION.

M. Pierce-Our numbers are large. I admit that, but is a person belonging to a horticultural society any advantage to that society if he knows nothing about it and does not work with it?

Secretary-I was up in Waushara county last week and I went to see Mr. Daniels; he is eighty-four years old and almost blind. You all remember him; he always used to come here to our meetings and bring his Northwestern Greenings. I supposed the Northwestern Greening originated in Waushara county, but I learned, while visiting Mr. Daniels that it orignated at Iola, in Waupaca county. Mr. Daniels gave me these apples to bring here; he said he never expected to meet with us again but he wished us well.