not served. Rappaport v. Werner, 34 App. Div. 525. A complaint alleged defendants severally liable-held part could be proceeded against and rest omitted. Geisenheimer v. Dodge, 1 How. N. S. 264. § 458. Right of infant to sue as poor person cannot be denied in case guardian is responsible person. Feir v. 3rd Ave. R. R. Co., 9 App. Div. 607. Effect of agreement between attorney and client to share in recovery. Cahill v. Man. Ry. Co., 38 App. Div. 314. When motion may be made. Shearman v. Pope, 106 N. Y. 664. § 459. If made after suit brought it must be on notice. Ostrander v. Harper, 14 Hun, 16. Petition where infant under fourteen must be made by guardian ad litem. Kerrigan v. Langstaff, 64 App. Div. 497. Div. 275. § 460. Court must be satisfied of cause of action. Weinstein v. Frank, 56 App. Attorney must act without compensation. Weinstein v. Frank, 56 App. Div. 275. Application by administratrix must show the financial conditions of estate. Daus v. Weisberger, 25 App. Div. 185. & 461. Poor person not liable where recovery is less than $50.00. Posenecke, 19 Misc. 592. § 469. § 471. Weltman v. If guardian ad litem is not appointed for infants in real estate action judgment against them is voidable. Fox v. Fee, 24 App. Div. 321. Action brought in name of infant by guardian ad litem. Segelken v. Meyer, 94 N. Y. 473. Person cannot be appointed guardian who has or may have interests adverse to infant. Matter of Fritz, 2 Paige, 304. Where service is by publication application cannot be made until fortytwo days after publication commences. Crouter v. Crouter, 133 N. Y. 56. Guardian ad litem for non-resident infant defendant might be appointed without service on infant. Gotendorf v. Goldschmidt, 83 N. Y. 110. But see also Ingersoll v. Mangan, 84 N. Y. 627. As to compensation of guardian ad litem see Thorn v. Beard, 135 N. Y. 643. & 472. Consent to act as guardian ad litem must be acknowledged. § 473. Cole v. Where infant is absent temporarily from State, that fact must appear § 479. Copy complaint served two days after summons and before appearance held no service. Sweet v. Sanderson Bros. Steel Co., 6 Civ. Pro. 69. See also N. H. Webb Co. v. Ferris, 115 N. Y. 641. § 481. § 483. $ 484. In action in county court, residence in county must be averred. Gilbert v. York et al., 111 N. Y. 546. In equitable actions relief is such as the facts demand at close of trial. Sherman v. Foster, 158 N. Y. 587. If complaint does not follow summons remedy is by motion. Haynes v. McKee, 18 Misc. 361. Where plaintiff sues in representative capacity the omission of word as not material defect. Bennett v. Whiney, 94 N. Y. 302. When complaint alleges contract, allegation of fraud does not make action one of tort. Stafford v. Azbell, 6 Misc. 89; 55 St. Rep. 487; 26 N. Y. Supp. 417; Hunt v. Patton, 33 App. Div. 613. Demand no part of complaint and not demurrable. O'Brien v. Fitzgerald, 143 N. Y. 377. Plaintiff must plead all the elements of his cause of action. Hahl v. Sugo, 169 N. Y. 109. One may waive the tort and sue on contract. Terry v. Munger, 121 N. Y. 161. Performance of condition precedent must be alleged. Strong v. Harris, 84 Hun, 314. Special damages must be stated. Park & Sons v. Hubbard, 30 App. Div. 517. Legal conclusions defined. Hatch v. Peet, 23 Barb. 575. What transactions must be separately stated. 46 App. Div. 96. As to remedy see Downey v. Westheimer v. Westheimer, Meaning of word transaction. Sullivan v. N. Y., N. H. & H. R. R. Co., 1 Civ. Pro. 285. When causes are properly joined. Mahler v. Schmidt, 43 Hun, 512. See also 61 N. Y. Supp. 28. Actions which cannot be joined. Slander and false imprisonment. De Wolfe v. Abraham, 151 N. Y. 186. Action for divorce and one for cancellation of agreement. Galusha v. Galusha, 138 N. Y. 272; 52 N. Y. St. Rep. 359. Inconsistent causes arising on contract. Nicholas v. Drew, 94 N. Y. 22. Actions which can be joined. Action to restrain unlawful maintenance of railroad and claim for personal injury arising therefrom. Lamming v. Galusha. 135 N. Y. 239: 47 N. Y. St. Rep. 831. When action for assault and one for trespass may be joined. Doyle v. American Wringer Co., 60 App. Div. 525. Must $$ 487-499 $ 487. ANNOTATIONS. Adams v. Stevens, 7 Misc. 468; 58 St. be for and against same parties. answer. Crane v. Defense must be presented either by demurrer or § 488. In general when defect appears on face of complaint, demurrer must be interposed. Crane v. Powell, 139 N. Y. 389; 54 N. Y. St. Rep. 659; American Upon demurrer to answer court Lucol Co. v. Lowes, 41 App. Div. 500. Yabay v. Doane, 66 App. Div. 509. Richards not authorized to dismiss complaint. To make pleading more definite and certain remedy is by motion. Demurrer must reach whole cause of action. v. Edick, 17 Barb. 260. Boyle v. City of Brooklyn, 71 N. Y. 1. Person is not subject to jurisdiction of court. Mut. L. Ins. Co., 5 How. 96. $ 490. $ 492. $ 494. $ 495. $ 496. $497. $ 498. $499. Subd. I. Subd. 2. Nones v. Hope Dodge v. Colby, Several causes of action set forth it is proper ground of demurrer that court has no jurisdiction as to a certain one. 108 N. Y. 445; 13 St. Rep. 849. Subd. 3. Does not apply to receiver in sup. pro. N. Y. 302. Ward v. Petrie, 157 Spooner Applies to action by guardian ad litem against life tenant. Sanders v. Fleischman v. St. Rep.) 430. Demurrer must specify objection. Where complaint contains two Dodge v. Colby, 108 N. Y. 445. causes of action improperly united in Wiles et al. v. Suydam, 64 N. Y. 173. of complaint, but must specify Jarvis v. Cragin v. O'Connell, 50 App. Complaint may be assisted by the answer. 45. Demurrer As to counterclaim asking for set off and not asking for affirmative O'Brien, 20 relief see Otis et al. v. Shants, 128 N. Y. 45; 38 St. Rep. 434. 2 must state particular objection. under subd. Misc. 48. Weeks v. Otis et al. v. Provision only applies where affirmative relief is sought. One granted leave to amend and who does so, may amend that pleading Coffin v. The Where defect of parties not Duncan v. C. M. Ins. Co., When objection not taken by answer deemed waived. Pres. etc. of G. R. H. Co., 136 N. Y. 655. raised by demurrer or answer, deemed waived. 129 N. Y. 238. Adequate remedy at law-question may be raised by answer. McCann v. Hazard, 36 Misc. 7. not Coffin v Objection not raised by answer or demurrer deemed waived. The Pres. etc. of G. R. H. Co., 136 N. Y. 655; Duncan v. C. M. Ins. Co., Where defect appears on face of complaint answer 129 N. Y. 238. sufficient. Donohue v. Syracuse & East Side R. R. Co.. 11 App. Div. 525. Obiection Farmers' Loan & Trust Co. v. Stefke. 144 N. Y. 354: Nealis v. Am. T. & I. Co., 76 Hun. 220; 59 St. Ren. 120: 27 N. Y. Supp. 733that complaint does not state facts, sufficient to constitute cause of actin Weeks v. O'Brien, 141 N. Y. 203. may be raised on trial. $ 500. 501. § 502. $ 506. § 507. $ 508. $ 509. $ 511. $ 514. " Facts in justification of dismissal when must be alleged. Linton v. U. F. Co., 124 N. Y. 533; 36 N. Y. St. Rep. 694. Answer in negligence case may allege that accident was due to negligence of plaintiff. Bogardus v. Met. S. R. Co., 62 App. Div. 376. Admissions or denials do not constitute "defense." Flack v. O'Brien, 19 Misc. 399; 43 N. Y. Supp. 854Reference only to certain paragraph and lines of complaint not proper. Baylis v. Stemson, 110 N. Y. 621, but see Fairbanks Co. v. Blant, 33 N. Y. Supp. 713. Denial of all allegations not herein before admitted or denied." 15 App. Div. 26. Denial of information only not sufficient. Steinback v. Diepenbrick, 52 App. Div. 437. Answer must set up facts which defendant must prove to defeat a recovery. Jacobs v. Remsen, 36 N. Y. 668; Ayrault v. Chamberlain, 33 Barb. 229. May answer part only of complaint. McKyoning v. Bull, 16 N. Y. 297.. General denial-what may be proved under. Roemer v. Striker, 142 N. Y. 134. Conditions precedent. McManus V. Western Ass'n. Co., 22 Misc. 269. Contract void. Wilking v. Richter, 25 Misc. 735. Negligence. Schular v. H. R. R. Co., 38 Barb. 653; 62 App. Div. 376. What may not be proved-affirmative defense as part payment. Simmons v. Martin & Co., 25 Misc. 788. Defect of parties. 31 Barb. 288. Counterclaim must be connected with subject of action. Rothschild v. Whitman, 132 N. Y. 476; 44 N. Y. St. Rep. 622. Must tend to diminish or defeat plaintiff's recovery. Lipman v. J. A. I. Works, 128 N. Y. 63; 37 N. Y. St. Rep. 821; Cable Flax Mills v. Early, 72 App. Div. 213. Subject of the action" defined. 132 N. Y. 476 (supra). When plaintiffs by replying to answer do not waive right to object to counterclaim on trial. Stuy vesant v. Early, 58 App. Div. 241. Not compelled to demur. Dinan v. Coneys, 143 N. Y. 546. Subd. 1. Cannot make counterclaim where claim matured after assignment. Hamilton v. Piza, 6 App. Div. 598; Bien v. Freund, 26 App. Div. 202. Subd. 2. Counterclaim must allege assignment was after maturity and Subd. 3. Note due from date is existing demand in favor of payee at time of maker's death. Thornton v. Moore, 26 Misc. 120. Answer containing defense of usury and tender-tender is inconsistent and may be stricken out. Breunich v. Weselman, 100 N. Y. 354, but as to what defendant may set up see Societa Italiana v. Sulzer, 138 N. Y. 468. May plead inconsistent defenses. U. S. Vinegar Co. v. Schlegal, 143 N. Y. Each defense must be separately stated. Swift v. Kingsley, 24 Barb. 541. Numbering not sufficient. Fay v. Hauerwas, 26 Misc. 421. Defendant may show mutual mistake. Madison v. Benedict, 73 App. Div. 112. 537 New matter in answer not stated as partial defense assumed to be as complete defense. Thompson v. Halbert, 109 N. Y. 329. Demurrer lies to matter tending to mitigate or reduce damages, pleaded as partial defense. Morse v. Press Pub. Co., 63 App. Div. 61. No recovery on counterclaim unless demand for affirmative relief. Read v. Decker, 67 N. Y. 182. Interest barred by unreserved acceptance of principal. Bronx Gas and Elec. Co. v. City of N. Y., 29 Misc. 402. Offer of judgment not avail able on motion for severance. N. Y. Ins. Wire Co. v. Westinghouse Elec. Co., 85 Hun, 269; 32 N. Y. Supp. 1127; 66 St. Rep. 581. Reply may deny and also plead affirmatively. Smith v. N. Y. Cooperage Co., 35 Misc. 203. Cannot set out new cause of action. Windecker v Mut. L. Ins. Co., 12 App. Div. 73 When reply not necessary. Argotsinger v. Vines et al., 82 N. Y. 308; Devlin v. Bevíns, 22 How. Pr. 290. $ 515. Effect of failure to reply where same is necessary. Adams v. Roberts, 62 How. Pr. 253. Where counterclaim denies complaint, failure to reply does not dispose of issue. Wade v. Strever. 166 N. Y. 251. Defendants not obliged to answer reply. Stokes v. Leary. 54 App. Div. 631. § 516. When court will order reply. Mercantile Nat. Bk. v. Com. Ex. Bk.. 73 Hun. 78: 57 St. Rep. 134. See also 15 App. Div. 474. Defendant not entitled to reply simply to save proving defense. Perls v. Met. Life Ins. Co.. 15 Daly, 517. When court will not require reply. Gorman v. Arnoux, 63 How Pr. 159. When reply should be ordered to prevent surprise. Toplicz v. Garrigues. 71 App. Div. 37; 75 N. Y. S. (100 St. Rep.) 678. § 519. $ 520. Prayer for judgment is matter of form. Williams v. Conners, 53 App. Div. 599. Instrument annexed to a complaint though not mentioned will not aid cause of action. booz v. School Fur. Co., 45 App. Div. plies only to matter of form. Clark v. Dillon, 97 N. Y. 370. Farrell v. Amberg, 8 Misc. 223. See N. C. Co. v. H. R. W. P. Co., 170 N. Y. 439. 593. Ap Service on Sunday void. Scott Shoe Mach. Co. v. Daniel, 63 App. Div. 172. Service valid on holiday. Slater v. Johnson, 25 Misc. 753. Pleading served but not subscribed should be returned with notice of defect. Abb. 287. Extending time "twenty days, gives twenty days in addition to time already existing. Patterson v. O'Conner, 60 How. Pr. 142. $ 521. Judgment cannot be taken by one defendant against another, in default unless upon notice and opportunity to defend as against co-defendant. Edwards v. Woodruff, 90 N. Y. 396; Ostrander v. Hart, 130 N. Y. 413. Section is simply regulation of practice. A. C. Sav. Inst. v. Burdick, 87 N. Y. 40. $ 522. $ 523. Denial of knowledge without stating information is insufficient. Singer v. Effler, 16 Misc. 335. Answer giving version of transaction inconsistent with plaintiff's version not good. Rodgers v. Clement, 162 N. Y. 428. Verification no part of pleading. George v. McAvoy, 6 How. Pr. 200. When answer need not be verified. Rodgers v. Decker, 130 N. Y. 490. § 524. Applies to all pleadings. Section discussed. Bennett v. Leeds Mfg. Co., 110 N. Y. 150. See also Brotherton v. Downey, 21 Hun, 436. Pleading by domestic corporation verified by attorney or agent. Matter of St. L. & A. R. R. Co., 133 N. Y. 270; Robinson v. Ecuador Development Co., 32 Misc. 106. § 525. $ 526. Form by corporation. Duryea, Watts & Co. v. Rayner, 11 Misc. 294. Attorney must state reason verification is not made by party. Fitch v. Bigelow, 5 How Pr. 237. $ 528. Objection that answer is not properly verified cannot be raised on trial. Schwarz v. Oppold, 74 N. Y. 307. Defect waived unless answer returned within twenty-four hours. Paddock v. Palmer, 32 Misc. 426; 66 N. Y. Supp. 743. $ 530. § 531. § 532. § 533. $ 534. $ 535. Effect only of statute of other states need be pleaded. Robare v. Cent. Vt. R. R. Co., 18 Abb. N. C. 362. As to private statute see 35 How Pr. 130. Execution of penal provision of statute is dependent upon an order. Gebhard v. Parker, 120 N. Y. 36; 30 N. Y. St. Rep. 180 As to what constitutes an account see Cunard v. Franklyn, 49 Hun, 233; III N. Y. 511. When plaintiff fails to serve copy of account within ten days after demand court may preclude him from giving evidence thereof. Fischer-Hausen v. Stierngranat, 65 App. Div. 162. When not required. Barone v. O'Leary, 44 App. Div. 418. Not if both parties have equal knowledge. Cochrane v. Howells. 81 Hun, 610. Object to apprise party of demands of adversary. Matthews v. Hubbard, 47 N. Y. 428. Granting is discretionary. Spencer v. Fort Orange Paper Co., 74 App. Div. 74; 77 N. Y. S. (11 St. Rep.) 521. Writ of mandamus to compel transcript of judgment which does not state that judgment was duly given or made is demurrable. People v. Bacon, 37 App. Div. 414. As to insurance policy, see Raw v. Westchester Fire Ins. Co., 50 App. Div. 428. Building contract, general allegation sufficient. Fox v. Cowper. thwait, 60 App. Div. 528. Excuses for non-performance of condition precedent must be pleaded. Stern v. McKee, 70 App. Div. 142. See also Pollock v. Penn & Co., 13 Misc. 194. Complaint on note. Darling v. Powell, 20 Misc. 240. Presumption that note payable at once when no allegation of time. Niles v. Bradley, 20 Misc. 172. Instrument set forth must be complete, valid and binding cbligation. Broome v. Taylor, 76 N. Y. 564. Not a license for interposition of plea of mitigation in bad faith. Cruik shank v. Gordon, 118 N. Y. 178. See also 124 N. Y. 563. Inuendo necessary where words themselves are harmless. Beecher v. Press Pub. Co. 60 App. Div. 536; 69 N. Y. Sunn. 895. Complaint setting forh specific words. then adding or words of like import, meaning and effect "held bad on demurrer. Drohan v. O'Brien. 76 App. Div. 265: 78 N. Y. S. (1:2 St. Rep.) 430. 'Concerning the plaintiff "held sufficient. Arrow S. S. Co. v. § 536. & 537. $ 538. § 539. $ 540. § 541. $ 542. $ 544. § 545. $ 546. $ 548. Bennett, 73 Hun, 81. See also Fleischman v. Bennett, 87 N. Y. 231; Stoker v. Morning Journal Ass'n, 72 App. Div. 184. Precise words should D. set forth. Finnerty v. Barker, 7 N. Y. Leg. Obs. 316. As to justincation, see Morse v. Press Pub. Co., 49 App. Div. 375; Lanpher v. Clark, 77 Hun, 500; revised 149 N. Y. 472. Mitigation reduces punitive damages only. Young v. Fox, 26 App. Div. 261. What proof admissible under plea of justification. Lanpher v. Clark, 149 N. Y. 472. May plead facts arising subsequent to commencement of action. Gabay v. Doane, 66 App. Div. 507. See Bradner v. Faulkner, 93 N. Y. 515. What frivolous. Bedloe v. Stillwell, 45 App. Div. 557: Not a nullity. Decker v. Kitchen, 21 Hun, 332. Practice on. Darrow v. Miller, 5 How. Pr. Allegation that note due duly protested not sufficient and demurrer to complaint not frivolous. Cook v. Warren, 88 N. Y. 37. Frivolous answer, judgment thereon. Reese v. Walworth, 61 App. Div. 64. 247. What allegations are not sham. General denial. Bluin v. Bruggerman, 58 App. Div. 357; Alexander v. Aronson, 65 App. Div. 174. Sham answer stricken out. Reese v. Walworth, 61 App. Div. 64. Sham answer is one that is false in fact. Roome v. Nicholson, 8 Abb. N. S. 343; 58 Hun, 375. Where pleadings are disregarded on trial without objection, successful party will be presumed to have recovered on facts shown. Gillies v. Man. & C. Co., 147 N. Y. 420. If proof contains cause of action found in complaint it is sufficient. Knapp v. Roche, 37 N. Y. Supr. 395. Court may amend on trial when claim in either form can be substantiated by facts. Martin v. Home Bk. 160 N. Y. 190. Court cannot make pleadings conform to proof after verdict. Woolsey v. Shaw, 34 App. Div. 405. See also Thomas v. Nelson, 69 N. Y. 118. Failure by plaintiff to prove cause set up in complaint, objection raised and no amendment, judgment for plaintiff not sustained. Southwick v. ist Nat. Bk. of Memphis, 84 N. Y. 420; see also go N. Y. 229. What is failure of proof. Sale. Rich v. Wright, 57 App. Div. 236. Condition precedent, failure to show waiver, excuse or performance. Bossert v. Poerschke, 51 App. Div. 381. See also Southwick v. 1st Nat. Bk. etc., 84 N. Y. 420. Where allegations of complaint unproved judgment cannot be rendered in favor of plaintiff. Reed v. McConnell, 133 N. Y. 426. Right of amend is absolute and must stand unless it be shown that amendment is made for delay, etc. Clifton v. Brown, 2 Civ. Pro. 44. Section does not authorize defendant who has demurred to change issue by serving answer. Cashman v. Reynolds, 123 N. Y. 138. Time to amend. Armstrong v. Phillips, 20 Civ. Pro. 399; 64 How. Pr. 80. When application for leave to make supplemental complaint necessary. Lawrence v. Church, 128 N. Y. 324. Discretionary with court whether to allow or not. Medbury v. Swan, 46 N. Y. 200; Spears v. Mayor, 72 N. Y. 442. When court will refuse. Where defence cannot be sustained. Avery v. Starbuck, 16 Civ. Pro. 396. Supplemental complaint may be amended. Divine v. Duncan, 52 How. Pr. 446. Supplemental complaint not justified to state new cause of action. Bush v. O'Brien, 58. App. Div. 118. Supplemental answer. See 19 N. Y. 207. Court will inquire into truth of proposed answer. Morel v. Garelly, 16 Abb. 269. Granting of order rests in discretion of court. Kelly v. Ernest, 26 App. Div. 90. And is sparingly exercised. Park & Sons v. Nat'l Druggists' Ass'n, 30 App. Div. 508. Irrelevant pleading. What is. 36 N. Y. 47. Must be apparent on face. Pacific M. S. S. Co. v. Irwin, 67 Barb. 277. What is redundancy. Follette v. Jewett, 11 N. Y. Leg. Obs. 193. Evidence should not be pleaded. Haughie v. N. Y. & N. J. Tel. Co.. 34 Misc. 635.. "Denials stricken from defence." Staten Island M. R. R. Co. v. Hinche liffe, 34 Misc. 49. Cannot obtain opponent's evidence. Agnew v. Brooklyn City R. R. Co., 13 Civ. Pro. 25. Remedy is by motion, nor demurrer. Lorillard v. Clyde, 86 N. Y. 384. Marie v. Garrison, 83 N. Y. 14. What is an indefinite allegation. Winchester v. Broome, 27 St. Rep. 359. Will not compel plaintiff to elect one of two causes of action. Seymour v. Warren, 71 App. Div. 421. When provisional order extinguished. People v. Bowe, 81 N. Y. 43. |