1. Beware, from be and aware, has no participles. It is used in the present tense, and imperative or infinitive mood. 2. Can, do, have, may, must, ought, shall, and will are called auxiliary verbs. (609.) They have no participles or infinitives. 3. Do, have, and will are frequently used as principal verbs. Would (wish) is sometimes thus used in the present indicative. 4. The prefix me is the dative of the pronoun I. The subject is the clause that follows the verb. (703.) 5. Ought is called by some grammarians a principal verb. 6. Quoth is used in the past indicative only. It is equivalent to said; as," Quoth the raven, Nevermore." (AS. witan, to know) is used in the Bible, etc. The present infinitive is wit, which is used in to wit, meaning namely.

7. Wot

EXERCISES

588. Write all the principal parts of the verbs in the following list. Study the forms of the first six verbs with great care.

Raise, rise, lie (to recline), lay, set, sit, tell, find, flow, flee, fly, try, steal, ride, love, lend, take, quit, prove, am, go, freeze, lose, loose, pay, say, send, shoot, spend, think, wear, bite, catch, may, forget, show, ought, must, do, blow, break, drive, feel, give, grow, know, leave, tear, choose, understand.

589. State the present indicative, past indicative, and perfect participle of the following verbs, using “I” as the subject:

Follow this form: "I study," ," "I studied," "I have studied." Add "it" when the verb requires a direct object; thus, “I see it,” etc.

Study, see, saw, swim, ring, come, begin, stand, run, sing, cry, laugh, feed, eat, heat, speak, lead, read, sell, shake, sleep, teach, learn, write, throw, build, burn, dig, hide, work.

What is the subject of the verb "am," in the first sentence? Of the verb "are," in the second? Of "is," in the third? In what person is the pronoun "I"? "You"? "He"? Does the verb change its form to agree with the person of its subject? May we say "I are"? "You is"? "He are "? Is the verb "am" limited to a certain form by the person of its subject "I"? Is "are" limited in the same way by "you"? Is "is" by "he"? May not these verbs be called limited verbs? Since finite means limited, what may they be called?

What is the subject of the verb "to be," in the seventh sentence? In the eighth? In the ninth? In what person is "me"? "You"? "Him"? Does the verb "to be" change its form to suit the person of its subject? Why may it be called a non-finite verb?

What is the subject of "is," in the third sentence?

are," in the fourth? for both numbers?

Of

Does the verb have the same form

Is it limited by the number of its

subject? What is the subject of "to be," in the ninth sentence? Of "to be," in the tenth sentence? Does "to be" change its form to suit the number of its subject? Does "has come," in the fifth sentence? "Have come," in the sixth? "Having come," in the eleventh? "Having come," in the twelfth?

591. Verbs are divided, according to their use as related to subjects, into finite verbs and non-finite verbs.

592. A finite verb is a verb that is limited to a certain form by the person and number of its subject.

Illustrate.

593. A non-finite verb is a verb that is not limited to a certain form by the person and number of its subject. Illustrate.

594. Finite verbs are the predicates of sentences and unabridged clauses; as, "I believe that he is my friend." Non-finite verbs are generally used as the predicates of abridged clauses; as, "I believe him to be my friend."

EXERCISE

595. Point out five finite and four non-finite verbs in the following sentences, and the subject of each:

Channing.

1. Beauty is an all-pervading presence. 2. Let us go. 3. They believed the place to be abandoned by the enemy. 4. Mazarin desired Cromwell to take part with France in a war against Spain. 5. We unite him and self, forming the word himself.

Transitive and Intransitive Verbs

596. Read the following sentences:

1. John struck James. 2. I see it. 3. Thou hast wandered too long. 4. He wept. 5. The moon had climbed

the highest hill. 6. The snow had begun in the gloaming. 7. My father wishes me to go at once.

Whom did John strike? From whom, and to whom, does the act of striking pass? What word is the direct object of "struck"? Point out the verbs that are followed by direct objects. Does "wept" have a direct object? Does "see"? Does "hast wandered”?

597. Verbs are divided, according to their use as related to objects, into transitive verbs and intransitive verbs.

598. A transitive verb is a verb that has a direct object; as, "He built me a bonnie bower." "The bower was built." (In the second sentence the direct object is used as the subject.) (166, 493, note.) What is meant by “a direct object"?

599. An intransitive verb is a verb that does not have a direct object; as, "Summer wanes." "Flowers are fresh."

"I can

600. A verb may be transitive in one sentence and intransitive in another; as, "He studies grammar" (tr.). "He studies" (intr.). "I can not see you" (tr.). not see" (intr.). "She reads the poem with taste" (tr.). "She reads with taste" (intr.). "Soft eyes looked love" (tr.). "He looked again" (intr.).

601. A verb that is usually intransitive sometimes becomes transitive; as, “Napoleon marched his army across the Alps" (i.e. caused his army to march). "The raftsman floated the wood down the river."

walked the horse." "I dreamed a dream."

"The groom

(494) "We

must live a righteous life." Soft eyes looked love to

eyes that spake again. Byron. "The child cried herself to sleep." "I laughed myself hoarse." "He looked the fierce animal in the eye." Which of these verbs are "causative"? Which "reflexive"?

602. Some transitive verbs are followed by two objects, a direct and an indirect object; as, "Forgive us (ind.) our debts" (dir.). "Tell me the old, old story." "Write me a letter from home." (174.) What is the difference between a direct and an indirect object?

Frequently, only the direct object is used; as, "He told the story." Sometimes, only the indirect object is used; as, "He told me." (In this sentence, me may be called the direct object of told.)

A transitive verb is followed by a direct object not because it is a predicate, but because it expresses an action that terminates in an object. A noun that implies a transitive action may therefore be followed by a clause used as its object; as, "The hope that I should be rescued sustained me." Compare, "I thought that he was lost" with "The thought that he was lost overpowered them." It is also correct to say that the clause is in apposition with the noun thought. Give other examples.

EXERCISE

66

603. Point out the four transitive and three intransitive verbs in the following sentences. Also, five direct and two indirect objects.

2. Gen

1. He giveth his beloved sleep. Psalm cxxvii. 2. eral McClure, who commanded the troops, destroyed Fort George. 3. Where is the little girl who brought me the flowers this morning? 4. To spend too much time in Bacon. 5. The properties of matter are of two classes, physical and chemical.

studies is sloth.

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