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HAWARDEN SERVANTS WHO HAVE BEEN OVER TWENTY YEARS IN THE GLADSTONE SERVICE The man holding the scythe is the gardener

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tion, there are only penny and half-penny papers in Great Britain and Ireland now. There is not one of those cheap papers that is not far superior in its array of news and in the style of its writing to any of the high-priced journals which were enabled to exist thirty years ago by the legislation which Mr. Gladstone abolished. No other man could have done the work so well as he did. Cobden could not have done it, Bright could not have done it. For neither of these men was in office, and neither had the command of the House of Commons which was possessed by Mr. Gladstone. Likewise, it has to be said that neither of them could have had the same influence over Lord Palmerston which Mr. Gladstone was enabled to exert. Palmerston did not really care three straws about the repeal of the taxes upon education, or, indeed, about any other popular reform. But then his heart was not set so much the other way as to induce him to enter into a struggle for power with Mr. Gladstone. Palmerston knew perfectly well that Gladstone was the coming man, and that if he were to set himself in opposition to Mr. Gladstone, or make any serious attempt at restraint of Mr. Gladstone, the national will of the country would put the younger man in the more commanding place. There is a story of a philosopher who said of himself that he would just as soon be dead as alive. Being asked why, then, he did not kill himself, he made the very reasonable and consistent answer that he would just as soon be alive as dead. Lord Palmer

MR. GLADSTONE READING THE LESSONS IN HAWARDEN CHURCH From a contemporary illustration

ston's views as to popular reform were of much the same nature. He would just as soon have no popular reform as any. But if pressed upon the subject, he soon found out that he would just as soon have any popular reform as none whatever. Such a man had no chance at all against the ever-growing energy and earnestness of Mr. Gladstone. His very style of speaking in the House, easy and colloquial, humorous, full of shrewd hits, and occasionally enlivened by a somewhat cheap cynicism, was in curious contrast with the impassioned and majestic flow of Mr. Gladstone's convinced and convincing eloquence. The two men never really came into antagonism at all. But they represented two distinct influences, and had Lord Palmerston been a younger

In his early college days Mr. Gladstone developed a strong passion for riding. I do not know whether he ever cared to ride to hounds or not; but he certainly loved riding for its own sake, quite apart from the fascination of hunting; and he became a rider of marvelous skill and courage. Often have I seen him, in my younger days, galloping over the fields around Chester-close to the Welsh frontier, within which stands Hawarden Castle. The famous American horse-tamer, Rarey, when he was in England, spoke of Mr. Gladstone as one of the finest and boldest riders he had ever seen-and Rarey was a man who, on such subjects, quite knew what he was talking about. Years after, when Mr. Gladstone was Chancellor of the Exchequer, he was taking his usual ride in the park-Hyde Park -on a very spirited and even wild young horse. The horse plunged and ran away

man it is quite likely that the influences might have come into collision at one time or another. Lord Palmerston's chief interest was in foreign affairs, and there, curiously enough, his policy was rather revolutionary in its tendency. Mr. Gladstone was almost always in sympathy with every foreign cause that represented freedom and advancement, but his dearest interests were with the happiness and with the improvement of the people of his own two islands. So far as home affairs were concerned, Lord Palmerston's great idea was to put off any sort of trouble, to let things slide, to keep away as long as possible any effort at reforming things which perhaps after all could do just as well without reform, and, generally speaking, not to make any bother. Mr. Gladstone's whole soul was with political and social reform. He saw with the eye of genius and of philanthropy that these countries were oppressed by what must be called class legislation, and his whole soul was aflame to give help to those who could not help themselves. Lord Palmerston, though he lived to a good old age, did not live long enough to come to any serious extent in the way of Mr. Gladstone's progress. Indeed, about the time of Gladstone's scheme for the abolition of the paper duties it became a common saying among the followers of Mr. Cobden and Mr. Bright that Radicals must wait quietly until Palmerston's disappearance, and that then Gladstone would come to the front and would do the work which the country wanted. Up to this time Mr. Gladstone had not spoken out distinctly on the great question of the Parliamentary franchise. But people already saw that that would be his next work of reform, and that he was destined to be the leader of the people in England. From the days when Macaulay had described him as the hope of the stern and unbending Tories, what a distance he had already traversed! He was now the great hope of the Radical advocates of reform and progress. Cobden and Bright now began to call him the leader of the English democracy.

got off the ordinary track of riders and came along a spread of turf divided by rails and gateways. The horse made for one of the little gateways-of light and slender iron-and went straight over it. Mr. Gladstone was apparently quite determined to have the better of that horse. The moment the horse had leaped the gate the rider turned him round and put him at the gate again. Again he topped it, and again his master turned him and made him go at it once more, and surmount it yet another time. So it went on until the horse was fairly but very harmlessly conquered, and the rider was the supreme victor of the day. It is hardly necessary for me to say that this little incident was watched by many curious eyes, and that it found its way into the papers. I happened to be in London at the time, and was deeply interested. I saw auguries in it, and I do not think my prophetic inspirations were altogether disappointed by the result. It would take a very reckless horse or a very reckless political opponent to get the better of Mr. Gladstone. He has made his party face many a stiff fence since the far-off days of that little event in Hyde Park.

[To be continued in the Magazine Number for July]

NORMAN SCULPTURE At Shobdon Church, Hertfordshire

By Helen Marshall North

In Two Parts-I.

A cathedral and a human being have certain striking points of resemblance. Each may be studied superficially, and passed by as interesting or otherwise, but each fails to utter its individuality and to surrender the choicest of its treasures to the hurried visitor. The heart of a true man does not lie on the surface. Stay by him, summer and winter with him, test his strength and courage in all weathers and under all conditions, and you may then realize what a glorious creation he is. So with the cathedral; you may see its surface in an hour; you may become reasonably familiar with its general appearance in a half-day, pass on to the next point of interest in the itinerary, and forget the cathedral. But if you will study its history, learn the story of the lives that have clustered about it, of the great men whose memorials richly decorate walls and pavement, and of those who have loved to linger within these old gray walls, which were to them indeed "the gateway of heaven;" of the bishops who built the cathedral and who lie interred under those stiff stone effigies; of the kings and queens who have rustled down these grand aisles in the bravery of wed ding garments, while the lofty arches rang with the grand music of the organ; of the little royal children who were christened here, like the children of King Edwin of York, "who died while still in their white clothes," or like the little child of Queen Philippa, laid away in darkness while the sun shone mockingly through the glorious old glass windowslearn of these and the cathedral will not be forgotten. Sympathy, appreciation, and personal affection will be awakened in the heart. The cathedral becomes transfigured by the light of humanity. Study

the fabric of the structure and note when, in its uprearing, the work of the Norman bishop gave place to his Early English successor, and how the window-tracery revealed the changing ideas of the Decorated and Perpendicular periods; how clerestory gradually overcame triforium, and the stout Norman pillar and the fierce zigzag ornament faded away from the architect's plan as the age became more refined.

Any English cathedral, however small and dingy and "unrestored," is a treasure-house of interest to the intelligent traveler. It is an indignity to attempt to understand its real meaning in the two or three hours' visit which many a tourist allows for it. Far more reasonable and satisfactory will it be found to become thoroughly acquainted with one or two of the most interesting than to be able to record in one's note-book that a halfdozen have been visited.

A cathedral may be looked at in many ways, but the choicest, as Miss Margaretta Byrd has ably said, "is that in which the historical interest blends with the religious and æsthetic, and these with a passion, one may call it, for the race which finds its satisfaction in buildings made by men of that race." Regarded in this light, cathedrals are not monuments, "they are poems, breathing the life and progress of England, never scorning to represent any period, however dull, ... always keeping before one the ideal of the race."

No two men are precisely alike. With the same tastes, the same name, the same education, and the same social advantages, each has an individuality which reveals itself on acquaintance. This is equally true of cathedrals. One may say that Durham, Norwich, and Gloucester are chiefly Norman in style, but who that has visited the three does not think of them as three distinct and individual types? Salisbury presents an epitome of Early English architecture, but has less to say of English history; while solemn old Winchester has witnessed so many royal pageants,

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and is so intimately connected with the very fiber of the English national life, that the pages of many periods of the nation's history must be read if one would enter into its inner life. At Canterbury, the heroism (or the folly) of a single priest, resulting in his violent death within the hallowed walls, is the most striking story which the loquacious verger has to tell. Ecclesiastical history is, perhaps, the specialty of Canterbury. It must be studied from more than one standpoint, and the relations of A'Becket and the second Henry, the story of kingcraft versus pries:craft, must be understood in some degree if one would comprehend the meaning of the worn Pilgrim stairs, the rich shrine, and those splendid pilgrimages which represented the modern foreign tour to the great world of the Middle Ages. And, in addition to this, the student should learn something of the life of the Black Prince, whose name is so intimately connected with crypt and choir-aisle and noble tomb; of the French Huguenots, whose relics and present-day history still linger in the old crypt; and of saucy Blue Dick, who laid bare the glorious nave.

collected funds to build while he drew plans for the lordly structure. He administered his priestly office, crowned kings, sat in Parliament, and considered the interests of his more or less numerous episcopal residences. Hence the architectural and the historical often suggest each other as one studies.

Some cathedrals must be studied in connection with the locality in which they are placed, as Ely, majestic and lovely in itself, but increasingly interesting when considered in the midst of the fenland, in those days when William the Conqueror was "harrying" the land, when Hereward and Torfrida, Ivo Taillebois and the monks of Peterborough, Ely, and Croyland, were making history. Again, at Durham, the cathedral made the town; and here history both ecclesiastical and secular, biography of lordly prince-bishop, the study of monasticism in its most ornate period, the poetry of Scott, the theology of Butler, and the art of mediaval days, should all be found in the equipment of the visitor.

How, then, shall we take up the study of cathedral architecture? The best way, as it seems to me, is to become very familiar at the outset with all the terms of ecclesiastical architecture in general, without reference to any particular cathedral. Having gained familiarity with the more common terms used in ecclesiastical architecture, the way to further study is easily revealed A plan arranged on this basis will be outlined in this and the succeeding paper.

For practical purposes of the traveler or the student, we may divide the study of a cathedral into two general departments: that of the fabric itself and of the history of its existence. On account of the peculiarly intimate union between English Church and English State, closer and more vital in the days when cathedrals were building than now, ecclesiastical and secular history often flow together. The bishop was often his own architect, and

For introductory study, I can heartily recommend a small English publication called "Gothic and Renaissance Architecture." (Imported, $2.) It is one of a series of "Art Handbooks," edited by Sir E. J. Poynter, the recently elected President of the Royal Academy, and Professor T. Roger Smith, Professor of Architecture at the University of London. This particular volume is by Professor Smith, and shows a well-nigh perfect conception of what a beginner in the study of ecclesiastical architecture wishes to know. The author's style is clear, his sentences compact, his illustrations well chosen and illuminating. The introductory chapter is an epitome (very brief, must be confessed) of the history of church-building in England and on the Continent of Europe. The second chapter, on "The Buildings of the Middle Ages," unfolds the plan and structural elements of cathedral churches in England, and lucidly defines each feature of the church and monastic buildings, as well as of the military and domestic buildings, of the Middle Ages. In the two succeeding chapters, occupying together only thirty-four pages, an admirable analysis of the different parts of a cathedral, the plan, walls, towers and spires, gables, piers and columns, openings, roofs, ornaments, stained glass, and sculpture, is given. This analysis is intelligently illustrated, and by using in connection with it the illustrated glossary, even a young student may easily become acquainted with the general and more important features of a cathedral

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