sions to a broader interpretation of life. Again, the spirit and style of Voltaire and Rousseau, though so individually contrasted, exercised a united influence upon men of letters, even upon those who combated their doctrines. This was seen first of all in a betterment of literary manner, and afterwards also of matter. As to the individual characteristics of Voltaire and Rousseau, however, we can hardly overcontrast them. Many a fervent Christian thinks of the two men as being precisely alike, because they represent to him a quintessence of eighteenth-century infidelity. In truth, hardly another two men were more unlike. Voltaire loved drawing-rooms; Rousseau, forests. Voltaire was a thorough aristocrat; Rousseau was the founder of modern democracy. Voltaire believed in monarchies and royal rule; Rousseau's proudest title was "Citizen of Geneva." Voltaire was a cynic, but he continually craved polite society; Rousseau was a dreamer, and knew that his dreams could come true only through the bourgeoisie. Voltaire's philosophy was pessimistic; Rousseau's, optimistic. Voltaire's religion was materialistic; Rousseau's, spiritual. Voltaire was a mind only; Rousseau, a mind, heart, and soul. When the tourist has gone as far as Ferney, he will wish to go a little further and visit Coppet, another Genevan suburb. Here, even more than at Voltaire's home, one is transported into the past-transported so truly that it would hardly be surprising to see the old owner of the château Coppet, Jacques Necker, in the becoming dress of his time, pacing along the quiet Necker walks. at was a Genevese XVI. Nor would it be surprising if Madame Necker should appear at the door-Madame Necker, who had once engaged to marry the great Gibbon. After having been expelled from Magdalen College, Oxford, for having abjured the national faith (a truer reason might have been because he disliked the University and the University disliked him), the young Gibbon came to the shores of the Lake of Geneva. Here he quickly fell so completely under Voltaire's influence as to prepare himself for the issuance of an important book in French. The memory of those formative years in Switzerland must have come back more than once to the matured man who had returned to the shores of that exquisite lake to finish his monumental work, "The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire." But we are at Coppet. If Necker's irrepressible daughter Germaine should suddenly emerge from the bushes, it would be a surprise. The old-fashioned furnishings in house and grounds are too appropriately stiff to form anything but a background for stiff, old-fashioned people. The unbending forms of the Compagnie des Pasteurs themselves would be more in harmony than the hoydenish daughter of the house and her free-and-easy Parisian friends who fol lowed her to this Swiss home. We do not learn, however, that among those followers was an Englishman, the young Pitt, whom Madame Necker wanted to secure as a son-in-law. The Baron de StaëlHolstein attained that position. An unideal existence followed-a succession of oscillations between Coppet and Paris, between liberty and license everywhere. The by birth, and be- ANNE LOUISE GERMAINE NECKER, BARONESS DE STAEL French Republic, came the Finance Minister of Louis 1766-1817 Historian, essayist, novelist, and politician. Her home was at the Directory, the Consulate, and the JEAN CHARLES LÉONARD DE SISMONDI 1773-1842 The Genevan historian, essayist, and political economist. The author of standard and widely read books. they have had. From JEAN HENRI MERLE D'AUBIGNÉ The Genevan professor and preacher. The Reformation." Empire were all alarmed at the fervid, voluble, often unwomanly Madame de Staël, who would not be put down. Sensational as she might have been in politics, her real talent was in literature. Despite their sentimentality and "falsetto passion," her romances are imbued with a certain artlessness; despite their prolixity, her more thoughtful works show an appreciative cosmopolitanism needed in that day. Through her Goethe and Schiller and Schlegel were introduced to France, the young Guizot and Sismondi to Germany. It is a pity that her social principles and those of the time were not purer; her really sincere nature would have had more lasting influence. Sismondi is the name which comes naturally to mind after that of his hostess, Madame de Staël. The works of Sismondi rise like a green island out of a sea of social and literary unrest. We like to look back on that genuine representative of Geneva. His literary achievements mean literary health; normal, not abnormal, conditions. His "Literature of Southern Europe is a standard book still; quotations are frequently made from his excellent " History of the Italian Republics," and less frequently from his "Histoire des Français." State Socialists found an early support in his "Studies of Social Science." Fifty years ago there died a Genevan whose books deserve wider reading than The realization that Amiel's death occurred only a decade and a half ago comes with something of surprise to one who has ventured to put the "Journal Intime" alongside Thoreau and Emerson, not to say Seneca and Epictetus. Amiel has, indeed, left us some exquisite selfrevelations, but it seems as if M. Scherer and Mrs. Humphry Ward, in their introductions to the French and English editions of the "Journal," had pitched the receptive tone of our minds on too high a key. When we go to Geneva we may chance upon a criticism from one who knew Amiel a criticism which may let us down just a bit. For, as a citizen of Geneva, as a professor at the University, as a social force, Amiel was a distinct failure; as a recluse, a self-conscious, a sensitive, a melancholy man, and as a literary artist, he was a conspicuous success. Genevans, however, do not seem to take so much stock in his seventeen thousand folio pages of literary legacy as do outside folk. When one wants a bit of wellturned individuality, these pages will supply it; but when one seeks for some well-tuned altruism, hardly. Amiel was un-Genevese; his ideals were lofty, many of them, but he seems to have been born with only thought and feeling; will was absent. His introspection became morbid, of course. We see every day on the streets of Geneva men who look as Sismondi must have looked; but we seek in vain for the delicate child, the dreamy youth, the shrinking man, Amiel. He was all along what children call a "fraid cat." Hence he left no substance of personality, as every real man does; he is but a shadow. He owed his professorial position to the Radicals. Consequently old the Conservatives were hard on him. He complained. He himself turned on the Radicals, much to their disgust. He complained again. Then he turned on man in general; only God could satisfy him, and he spent his life in trying to find God. At the end he came back somewhat to the appreciation of his humankind, and, lo, there was God in the terely Teutonic framework is spread out the clear expression of a Gallic vivacity, the whole permeated with a spiritual fervency which no country bounds. Töpffer and Amiel were failures as professors. Marc Monnier was a success; his hearers came from all over Europe. He was as much of a success, too, in literature. He was an entirely natural being, either in his fascinating converstional powers or in his essays and verses. was such a vital, virile æsthete that the aroma of a living force breathes in every MARY ANN EVANS ("GEORGE ELIOT") 1819-1880 He page of his writings. Is he describing Italy, or the Genevan poets, or his favorite marionette theater? We shall not find an easier speaker, a kindlier voice, a more discriminating mind, a more picturesque manner.. Geneva has been called a gray city. Yes, most of its houses are gray, it is true, and on a gray day the sober hue seems emphasized. For the nonce, the waters of the lake may be somber, too, when the wind changes. The very faces on the streets seem stern. At such times a shudder steals over one as that past is recalled which would take joyousness out of this present life, and make even of the glad Beyond only an impenetrable arch of doom. But let the clouds break away, and we notice that not all the houses are gray. The wind changes back, and the waters become beautifully blue between the umbrageous shores. Though there is somberness in the faces of the people, there is vivacity, too. They are intelligent faces; every other person seems to be carrying a book or paper. The Genevan book-shops are justly famous, and Genevan literature has helped to make them so. The great novelist. From the portrait painted during her residence of a year (1850) in Geneva. midst Minute self-revelations such as this truly intime and now almost classic journal affords are needed; it is a pity that they are not always revelations of an unselfish self. Jean Henri Merle d'Aubigné died in 1872. He was the Professor of Historical Theology at the Divinity School, and is universally known through his great work, the "History of the Reformation.' Men have outgrown this book in scientific accuracy, but it is of much literary value as reflecting better than most works a genuine Genevan spirit: on its rather aus From a drawing made not far from the period of the following installment of "The Story of Gladstone's Life." By Justin McCarthy Author of "A History of Our Own Times," "The Four Georges," etc. CHAPTER XIX.-THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR I have already mentioned the fact that the great Civil War in America had broken out. The war created a curious difference of opinion in this country. What is commonly called "society" was almost altogether in favor of the South. The English democracy and working classes generally were entirely in favor of the North. Some of our educated men were divided in opinion. Carlyle, who perhaps could hardly be called, on that question, an educated man, was rabidly in favor of the South, or, rather, was rabidly opposed to the North. He knew nothing whatever about the matter, and used to boast that he never read American newspapers. On the other hand, John Stuart Mill, probably the most purely intellectual Englishman of his time, was heart and soul with the cause of the North. Copyright, 1897, by The Outlook Company. Cob den and Bright were, of course, leaders of public opinion on the side of the North. Harriet Martineau, probably the cleverest woman who ever wrote for an English newspaper, advocated the cause of the North day after day. Lord Palmerston, in his heedless, unthinking way, had Bull Run which were offensive to the minds talked some jocularities after the battle of of all Americans who supported the cause of the North. Lord Palmerston, however, although Prime Minister, was always regarded as an irresponsible sort of person, from his joke, no matter whom the joke who could not be expected to refrain might offend. But a profound sensation was created in the Northern States when Mr. Gladstone unluckily committed himself to a sort of declaration in favor of the South. Speaking at a public meeting at Newcastle-on-Tyne on the 7th of October, 1862, he gave it as his conviction that Jefferson Davis "had made an army, had |